Table of Contents:
“...Preface xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Intuitive Introduction to Blockchains 1 1.2 Short History of Blockchains 3 1.2.1 Phase 1 - enablers [1979-2008] 3 1.2.2 Phase 2 - transactions [2008-2013] 4 1.2.3 Phase 3 - smart contracts [2013-2018] 5 1.2.4 Phase 4 - applications [2018-2021] 5 1.2.5 Phase 5 - metaverse [2021-now] 6 1.3 Why Blockchains Matter in Telecoms 6 1.3.1 Simply more telco traffic 6 1.3.2 Supply chain trust 7 1.3.3 Telco tokenomics 7 1.3.4 OTT applications 8 1.4 Blockchain Telco Business Examples Today 8 1.4.1 Improving telco business
processes 8 1.4.2 Decentralized wireless networks 10 1.4.3 Metaverse Ifland 11 I Blockchain Enablers 15 2 Primer on Blockchains 17 2.1 Technical Introduction 17 2.2 Cryptographic Hash 19 2.3 Distribution of the Blockchain 21 2.4 Validation
Process 22 2.5 Blockchain Challenges 24 3 Smart Contracts 27 3.1 Introduction to Smart Contracts 27 3.2 Short History of Smart Contracts 28 3.3 How Smart Contracts Work 29 3.4 Smart Contract Use Cases 30 3.5 Open Challenges 30 4 Scalability and Interoperability 33 4.1 Improving Scalability 33 4.2 Scalability through Sharding 34 4.3 Enabling Interoperability 34 5 Permissioned Distributed Ledgers (PDLs) 37 5.1 A Short History of PDLs 37 5.2 Introduction to PDLs 38 5.3 Pros and Cons of PDLs 39 II Blockchain Ecosystem 41 6 Governance Blockchain Standards 43 6.1 Blockchains as General Purpose Technology 43 6.2 International Standards Organization (ISO) 44 6.3 European Committee for Standardization (CEN/CENELEC) 45 6.4 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 47 7 Technical Blockchain Standards 49 7.1 The Importance of Technical Standards 49 7.2 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 50 7.3 The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 52 7.4 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 55 7.5 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 56 8 Blockchain Alliances 61 8.1 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 61 8.2 Hyperledger ⁰́₃ Linux Foundation 61 8.3 Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) 62 8.4 International Association for Trusted Blockchain Applications 63 8.5 GSM Association (GSMA) 63 8.6 Other Blockchain Alliances 63 9 Regulation and Compliance 67 9.1 General Regulatory Challenges 67 9.2 Current Regulatory Aspects 68 9.3 Ecosystem and the EU-Market Aspects 69 9.4 Regulation of Blockchains in the USA 70 9.5 Regulation of Blockchains in the UK 71 10 Blockchain R&D Projects 73 10.1 Overview of European R&D Funding Landscape 73 10.2 EC Blockchain Projects 76 10.3 Example EC Project: 5GZORRO 76 10.4 Blockchain Projects in EU Countries 80 10.5 Blockchain Projects in the USA 83 III PDL Blockchain Standards 87 11 PDL and Application Governance 89 11.1 PDL Application Examples 89 11.1.1 Short recap of PDLs 89 11.1.2 Industrial PDL applications 91 11.1.3 Retail and wholesale PDL applications 92 11.1.4 PDL smart contract applications 94 11.2 PDL Governance and Operations 96 11.2.1 The need for governance 96 11.2.2 Governance methods and structure 97 11.2.3 Governing the governance 98 11.2.4 PDL stakeholders 99 11.2.5 General governance considerations 100 11.3 PDL Reference Framework 102 11.3.1 PDL reference architecture 102 11.3.2 Expanding the PDL reference architecture 104 11.3.3 PDL platform abstraction layers 106 11.3.4 PDL infrastructure layer 106 11.3.5 Legacy integration issues 110 11.3.6 PDL networking and management 117 11.4 PDL Middleware and APIs 122 11.4.1 Introduction 122 11.4.2 Templates 123 11.4.3 PDL middleware 124 11.4.4 Platform APIs 126 11.5 Service and ecosystem APIs 127 12 Reference Architecture 129 12.1 Overview of the PDL Reference Architecture 129 12.1.1 Definition of functional blocks 129 12.1.2 Reference architecture 130 12.1.3 Gateway and interfaces 132 12.2 Development Guiding Principles 134 12.2.1 Platform development guiding principles 134 12.2.2 Application development guiding principles 139 12.2.3 Platform services dependency 139 12.2.4 Abstraction layer implementation 139 12.3 PDL Platform Services 140 12.3.1 List of important platform services 140 12.3.2 PDL atomic platform services 140 12.3.3 PDL composite services 147 12.4 PDL Application Clients [PDL 12] 148 12.4.1 Introduction to application clients 148 12.4.2 PDL
computer applications 149 12.4.3 PDL mobile device application 149 12.4.4 PDL cloud applications 150 13 Smart Contracts 151 13.1 Properties of Smart Contracts 151 13.1.1 Inherent properties 151 13.1.2 Interoperability/ledger dependency 152 13.1.3 Operational inefficiency 153 13.1.4 Synchronization of offline smart contracts 153 13.1.5 Ledger time synchronization 154 13.2 Requirements for Designing Smart Contracts 154 13.2.1 Smart contract actors 154 13.2.2 Requirements during design 155 13.2.3 Available technologies 156 13.2.4 Usage of auditable libraries 156 13.2.5 Input to smart contracts 156 13.2.6 Universal clock 157 13.2.7 Terminatable 157 13.3 Architectural and Functional Requirements 157 13.3.1 Lifecycle of a smart contract 157 13.3.2 Template smart contracts 158 13.3.3 Time-limit, termination and destruction 158 13.3.4 Secure access control mechanisms 160 13.3.5 Control instructions 161 13.3.6 Archived and stale
data 162 13.3.7 Mandatory and optional smart contract fields 163 13.4 Description of Required Functions 165 13.4.1 Initialization of the smart contract 165 13.4.2 Access control 166 13.4.3 Logic functions 166 13.4.4 Entry functions 167 13.4.5 Termination functions 167 13.4.6 Example architecture of a smart contract 168 13.5
Data Inputs and Outputs 168 13.5.1 Generalized input/output requirements 170 13.5.2 Internal
data inputs 170 13.5.3 External
data inputs 171 13.5.4 Oracles 172 13.6 Governance in Smart Contract Life 175 13.6.1 Key decisions of governance 175 13.6.2 Operational decisions 176 13.6.3 Termination of contract 176 13.6.4 General compliance guidelines 177 13.7 Testing Smart Contracts 178 13.7.1 Testing requirements 178 13.7.2 Testing strategies 178 13.7.3 Generalized testing targets 179 13.7.4 Testing checklist 180 13.7.5 Offline testing 180 13.7.6 Online monitoring 181 13.8 Updating Smart Contracts 182 13.8.1 Updating an old version 182 13.8.2 Updating steps 183 13.8.3 Securely deactivating old contract 183 13.9 Smart Contract Cybersecurity Threats 184 13.9.1 Threats due to
programming errors 184 13.9.2 Internal threats 184 13.9.3 External threats 186 14 Distributed
Data Management 189 14.1 Use Cases for Federated
Data Management 189 14.1.1 Introduction to federated use cases 189 14.1.2 Federated
data collection 190 14.1.3 Federated learning 192 14.1.4 Multi-party
computation use case 194 14.1.5 Federated
data discovery and sharing 194 14.1.6 Possible actors in FDM systems 196 14.2 Key Issues with Federated
Data Management 196 14.2.1 Key issues with federated
data collection 196 14.2.2 Key issues with federated learning 199 14.2.3 Key issues with federated
data discovery and sharing 201 14.3 Federated
Data Management Architecture 202 14.3.1 Introduction to FDM architecture 202 14.3.2 Federated
data management architecture 202 14.3.3 FDM architecture scenarios 203 14.4 Implementations of Federated PDLs 205 14.4.1 Solutions for PDL-based federated learning 205 14.4.2 Solutions for PDL-based federated
data discovery and sharing 206 15 Offline Operations 211 15.1 Introduction to PDL Offline Mode 211 15.1.1 Reasons for PDL going offline 211 15.1.2 Offline challenges 212 15.2 PDL Offline Scenarios 213 15.2.1 High-level node reference architecture 213 15.2.2 Type of nodes 214 15.2.3 Offline scenarios 216 15.2.4 Operational characteristics 216 15.2.5 Temporal characteristics 219 15.3 Challenges Arising from Offline Mode 220 15.3.1 Offline client node(s) 221 15.3.2 Offline validator node(s) 223 15.3.3 Offline ledger node(s) 226 15.3.4 Offline smart contract 226 15.3.5 End-to-end cybersecurity and privacy 227 15.3.6 Monitoring and Orchestration Capabilities 227 15.4 Technical Solutions for Offline Mode 228 15.4.1 Summary of Challenges and Solutions 228 15.4.2 Trusted execution environments 228 15.4.3 Offline operations 232 15.4.4 Proxy mechanisms 238 15.4.5 PDL reconciliation 240 15.4.6 Monitoring and orchestration 242 15.5 Offline PDL Architecture and Procedures 245 15.5.1 PDL architecture embodiments 245 15.5.2 MANO-aligned orchestration framework 247 15.5.3 Deployment and operational procedures 248 16 Ledger Interoperability 255 16.1 Types of Interoperability 255 16.1.1 Why...
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