Sprayed Concrete Linings in Soft Ground : A Best Practice Design Guide.

The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. Sprayed Concrete Linings in Soft Ground is a best practice guide to the design and construction of Sprayed Concrete Lining (SCL) infrastructure.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	British Tunnelling Society, UK
Corporate Author:	Knovel (Firm)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Leeds : ICE Publishing, 2025.
Edition:	1st ed.
Subjects:	TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Civil / General. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Civil / Soil & Rock. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Surveying. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Intro
Half Title Page
Tiltle Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Standards and codes of practice
2.1. Limitations in current standards
2.2. General guidelines
2.3. Eurocodes and British standards
2.4. Flexural strength guidelines
2.5. Specifications
Chapter 3: Sprayed concrete lining design process and key decisions
3.1. Design process
3.2. Key aspects of SCL design
3.2.1 Progressive design development
3.2.2 Single design responsibility
3.2.3 Management of risk
3.2.4 Construction input to design
3.2.5 Effective use of analysis
3.2.6 Design coordination and representation
3.2.7 Best practice guidance/lessons learned
3.2.8 Monitoring approach and trigger value derivation
3.2.9 Influence of procurement method on design process
3.2.10 Sustainability in the design process
3.2.11 Health and safety in the design process
3.3. Activities in the feasibility/concept design stage
3.4. Activities in the scheme design stage
3.5. Activities in the detailed design stage
3.5.1 Detailed excavation sequencing for individual tunnels
3.5.2 Limitations on construction
3.5.3 Design assurance
3.6. Construction phase design input
Chapter 4: Spaceproofing and alignment
4.1. Spaceproofing
4.2. Profiles and setting out
4.3. Tolerances
4.4. Limitations on curves/inclinations
Chapter 5: Ground and water parameters
5.1. Desk study
5.2. Ground investigation
5.3. Ground chemistry
5.4. Ground gas
5.5. Ground parameters
5.6. In situ stress state
5.7. Groundwater and permeability
5.8. Ground stiffness
5.9. Time-dependent ground behaviour
5.10. Reporting
Chapter 6: Excavation sequencing
6.1. General criteria
6.2. Full-face excavation
6.2.1 Considerations.
6.2.2 Where to use
6.3. Top heading/bench/invert excavation
6.3.1 Considerations
6.3.2 Where to use
6.4. Sidewall drift excavation
6.4.1 Considerations
6.4.2 Where to use
6.5. Pilot tunnel enlargement
6.5.1 Considerations
6.5.2 Where to use
6.6. Vertical and inclined excavations
6.6.1 Vertical shafts
6.6.2 Escalators
Chapter 7: Design details
7.1. Joints
7.2. Approach to junction design
7.3. Reinforcement strategy
7.4. Probing ahead
7.5. Toolbox items
7.5.1 Supporting the face
7.5.2 Reduced advance lengths
7.5.3 Pocket excavations/face splitting
7.5.4 Spiles
7.5.5 Pipe arches
7.5.6 Face dowels
7.5.7 Local dewatering/depressurisation
7.5.8 Ground treatment
Chapter 8: Material parameters
8.1. Sprayed concrete
8.2. Mechanical parameters and behaviour
8.2.1 Sprayed concrete
8.2.2 Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)
8.2.3 FRC mechanical parameters
8.2.3.1 Compressive strength and strain
8.2.3.2 Tensile strength
8.2.3.3 Flexural tensile strength
8.2.3.4 Shear strength
8.2.3.5 Strain limits
8.2.4 Time dependency of sprayed concrete
8.3. Designing for durability
8.3.1 Lining permeability
8.3.2 Reinforcement corrosion
8.3.3 Drying shrinkage
8.3.4 Ductility
maximum concrete strength
Chapter 9: Designing for water
9.1. Water management strategy
9.2. Designing for fully tanked solutions
9.3. Sheet waterproofing membranes
9.4. Spray applied waterproofing membranes
9.5. Watertight concrete
9.6. Junctions between structures
9.7. Impacts on design/construction
Chapter 10: Analytical solutions
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Circular tunnels and shafts
10.2.1 In situ ground stress
10.2.2 Continuum analytical models
10.2.3 Convergence-confinement method
10.3. Face stability
10.4. Junction design.
10.5. Ground movements
Chapter 11: Numerical modelling
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1 Limitations
11.2. Model set-up
11.3. Constitutive model
11.4. Short term versus long term
11.5. Lining properties
11.5.1 Overview
11.5.2 Non-linear concrete modelling with Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
11.5.3 Simplified consideration of non-linearity
11.5.4 Lining modelling
11.5.5 Consideration of water proofing
11.6. Considering the construction process
11.6.1 Overview
11.6.2 Stress method
11.6.3 Stiffness method
11.6.4 Volume loss control
11.6.5 General considerations
11.7. Validation/calibration
11.8. Sensitivity analysis
11.9. Support modelling
11.9.1 Sprayed concrete lining
11.9.2 Spiles and bolts
11.9.3 Face stability
11.10. Compensation grouting
Chapter 12: Section design
12.1. Section design strategy
12.2. Consideration of construction sequence in the design
12.3. Design situations
12.4. Material factors
12.5. Action/loads
12.6. External loads
12.6.1 Ground loads
12.6.2 Water loads
12.6.3 Building and surface loads
12.6.3.1 Structures with shallow foundations
12.6.3.2 Buildings with piled foundations
12.6.3.3 Unloading
12.6.4 Surcharges
12.6.5 Loads during execution
12.6.5.1 Adjacent excavations and construction
12.6.5.2 Construction surcharge loading
12.6.5.3 TBM loads
12.6.5.4 Compensation grouting
12.7. Internal loads
12.7.1 Fixing loads
12.7.2 Thermal loads
12.7.3 Traction loads
12.7.4 Internal pressure
12.8. Accidental loads
12.8.1 Impact loads
12.8.2 Blast loads
12.9. Load combinations
12.9.1 Design for the ULS
12.9.2 Combinations for SLS design
12.10. Plastic redistribution
Chapter 13: Designing for fire
13.1. Fires in tunnels
13.2. SCL response to fire.
13.3. Protection options and considerations
13.3.1 Fire suppression systems
13.3.2 Cladding and coatings systems
13.3.3 Micro-synthetic fibres
Chapter 14: Instrumentation and monitoring
14.1. Optical 3D monitoring
14.2. Tape extensometers
14.3. Pressure cells
14.4. Strain measurements
14.5. Strength testing
14.5.1 Thermal imaging
14.6. External monitoring
14.7. Setting trigger values
14.8. Understanding and interpretation
Chapter 15: Sustainability in design
15.1. Carbon calculations
15.2. Lining configuration
15.3. Reducing sources of waste
Chapter 16: Specifications, assurance and design outputs
16.1. Specifications
16.1.1 Responsibilities
16.1.2 Scope and content
16.2. Assurance
16.2.1 Design
16.2.2 Independent checking
16.2.3 Construction
16.3. Design outputs
16.3.1 Drawings
16.3.2 Other documents
16.3.3 Risk assessments
References
17.1. Key books and publications
17.2. Other reference documents
17.3. Papers and publications
Index.