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Clay on Mars.

Clay on Mars, Volume Twelve delves into the latest advancements in the exploration and characterization of Martian clay.Edited by a team of experts, the book compiles contributions from leading researchers in the field.

Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Cuadros, Javier
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Chantilly : Elsevier, 2025.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Developments in Clay Science Series.
Subjects:
Clay minerals.
Mars (Planet)
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • Clay on Mars
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • List of reviewers
  • Preface
  • 1 Introduction to Mars
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Permanent characteristics of Mars with important effects on its geology
  • 1.2.1 Absence of plate tectonics
  • 1.2.2 Low gravity
  • 1.3 Evolving global conditions on Mars
  • 1.3.1 Intrinsic magnetic field
  • 1.3.2 Meteorite bombardment
  • 1.3.3 Volcanism
  • 1.3.4 Presence of liquid water
  • 1.3.5 Surface temperature
  • 1.3.6 Erosion and weathering
  • 1.3.7 Mars obliquity
  • 1.3.8 Redox atmospheric conditions
  • 1.4 Summary of Mars geology
  • 1.4.1 Southern highlands
  • 1.4.2 Tharsis
  • 1.4.3 Northern lowlands
  • 1.4.4 Polar ice caps
  • References
  • 2 Geologic context of clays on Mars
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Clays in craters
  • 2.3 Clays in strata
  • 2.4 Clays in lakes
  • 2.5 Hydrovolcanic and subglacial clays
  • 2.6 Clay in Martian dust
  • 2.7 Clay in Martian meteorites
  • References
  • 3 Remote sensing instruments used in the investigation of clays on Mars
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Contributions to the detection of clays on Mars from orbit using imaging systems
  • 3.2.1 Viking Imaging System on Viking mission
  • 3.2.2 Mars Orbiter Camera on Mars Global Surveyor
  • 3.2.3 High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on Mars Express
  • 3.2.4 Context Camera and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
  • 3.2.5 Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
  • 3.3 Detection of clays on Mars from orbit using near-infrared instruments
  • 3.3.1 Detection of clays with near-infrared spectroscopy
  • 3.3.2 Visible-near infrared spectrometers used for detecting clays on Mars
  • 3.3.2.1 OMEGA on Mars Express
  • 3.3.2.2 CRISM on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
  • 3.4 Detection of clays on Mars from orbit using thermal infrared spectroscopy.
  • 3.4.1 Detection of clays with thermal-infrared spectroscopy
  • 3.4.2 Thermal infrared instruments used for detecting clays on Mars
  • 3.4.2.1 Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor
  • 3.4.2.2 Thermal Emission Imaging System on Mars Odyssey
  • 3.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 4 In situ analysis of clay minerals by landers on Mars
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 X-ray diffraction
  • 4.3 Evolved gas analysis
  • 4.4 X-ray spectroscopy
  • 4.5 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
  • 4.6 Visible spectroscopy
  • 4.7 Shortwave infrared spectroscopy
  • 4.8 Thermal infrared spectroscopy
  • 4.9 Mössbauer spectroscopy
  • 4.10 Raman spectroscopy
  • 4.11 Concluding remarks
  • References
  • 5 Lithologic and textural context of clays inferred from remote sensing
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.1.1 How can clay minerals be used to constrain Mars' history?
  • 5.1.2 How can orbital and in situ observations be used complementarily?
  • 5.2 Hypothesized environments of clay formation
  • 5.2.1 Warm surface
  • 5.2.2 Warm subsurface
  • 5.2.3 Magma-derived fluids
  • 5.2.4 Primordial surface under a dense atmosphere
  • 5.3 Remote-sensing procedures to constrain lithology and texture
  • 5.3.1 Instrumental constraints affecting clay visibility from orbit
  • 5.3.2 Spectral signatures
  • 5.3.3 Textural features
  • 5.3.3.1 Particle size
  • 5.3.3.2 Mineral homogeneity
  • 5.3.3.3 Veins, nodules, and other diagenetic features
  • 5.3.3.4 Mineral visibility and full mineralogy
  • 5.3.3.5 Texture of mineral mixtures
  • 5.3.4 Morphological features
  • 5.3.4.1 Craters
  • 5.3.4.2 Layering and stratigraphy
  • 5.3.4.3 Flowing water
  • 5.4 Conclusions and thoughts on the future
  • References
  • 6 Clay stratigraphies
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Properties of clay stratigraphies on Mars
  • 6.2.1 Distribution in space and time
  • 6.2.2 Composition
  • 6.2.3 Physical characteristics.
  • 6.3 Origin of clay stratigraphies on Mars
  • 6.3.1 Modes of formation
  • 6.3.2 Earth analogs
  • 6.4 Implications for Mars
  • 6.4.1 Noachian climate
  • 6.4.2 Biosignature preservation
  • 6.4.3 Future exploration
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 7 Clays from impact craters
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Impact craters and associated hydrothermal interaction on Earth
  • 7.3 Modeling impact events on Mars
  • 7.4 Craters on Mars and associated clay-forming hydrothermal systems
  • 7.4.1 Noachian impact craters
  • 7.4.2 Hesperian and Amazonian impact craters
  • 7.5 Impacts exhuming buried clays
  • 7.6 Discussion
  • 7.6.1 Why so little evidence of postimpact hydrothermal activity on Mars?
  • 7.6.2 Evidence from other Solar System bodies
  • 7.6.3 Composition of postimpact hydrothermal clay on Mars
  • 7.6.4 Life in intra-crater hydrothermal systems
  • References
  • 8 Clays from lakes and seas
  • 8.1 Lakes on Mars
  • 8.2 Origin of lake sediments
  • 8.2.1 Prelake and allochthonous materials
  • 8.2.2 Lake-autochthonous materials
  • 8.3 In situ investigation of lake deposits by rovers
  • 8.3.1 Spirit and Opportunity: Gusev and Endeavour craters
  • 8.3.2 Curiosity at Gale crater
  • 8.3.3 Perseverance at Jezero crater
  • 8.4 Discussion
  • 8.4.1 Resurfacing of lake floors
  • 8.4.2 Noncrystalline silicates
  • 8.4.3 Reverse weathering in Martian lakes
  • 8.4.4 Martian lakes as possible harborers of life
  • References
  • 9 Clays of apparent hydrothermal origin
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Clay mineral stability in hydrothermal systems
  • 9.3 Clay-forming hydrothermal systems on Mars
  • 9.3.1 Impact-generated hydrothermal systems
  • 9.3.2 Devolatilization of hydrous lavas
  • 9.3.3 Primordial steam/supercritical atmospheres
  • 9.3.4 Serpentinization of Fe-rich protolith
  • 9.3.5 Radiogenic heat
  • 9.4 Evidence for clays of apparent hydrothermal origin.
  • 9.4.1 Martian meteorites
  • 9.4.2 Orbital spectroscopic data
  • 9.4.3 In situ analyses from landed missions
  • 9.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 10 Formation of clays and nanoscale clay precursors through surface weathering on Mars
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.1.1 Clay minerals and nano-clays identified on Mars
  • 10.1.1.1 Clay minerals
  • 10.1.1.2 Nano-clays/clay precursors
  • 10.2 Weathering reactions of mafic rocks and minerals
  • 10.2.1 Influence of climate on weathering
  • 10.2.2 Clay formation under pedogenic conditions
  • 10.3 Clays and nanominerals on Mars
  • 10.3.1 Clay occurrences on Mars
  • 10.3.2 Nanominerals on Mars
  • 10.4 Timescales of clay formation and transformation on Earth and Mars
  • 10.4.1 Time constraints on terrestrial clay and nanoclay formation
  • 10.4.2 Time constraints on Martian clay and nanoclay formation
  • 10.5 Implications for Martian paleoclimate and early history
  • 10.6 Clay formation by direct precipitation from postmagmatic fluids
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 11 Diagenesis and burial
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Defining diagenetic environments
  • 11.3 Setting the stage for diagenesis
  • 11.4 Early diagenesis
  • 11.5 Burial diagenesis
  • 11.5.1 Illitization
  • 11.5.2 Chloritization
  • 11.5.3 Other burial diagenetic reactions
  • 11.6 Burial diagenesis of clay minerals on Mars
  • 11.7 Synthesis
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 12 Interstratified clay minerals on Mars
  • 12.1 Overview and importance of interstratified clays as records of formation and transformation environments
  • 12.2 Crystal-chemistry of interstratified clay minerals and prospects for remote detection on Mars
  • 12.2.1 Chlorite-smectite
  • 12.2.2 Kaolinite-smectite
  • 12.2.3 Talc-nontronite and talc-saponite
  • 12.2.4 Chlorite-vermiculite
  • 12.2.5 Glauconite-nontronite
  • 12.2.6 Serpentine interstratified clays.
  • 12.3 Orbital evidence for interstratified clays on Mars
  • 12.3.1 Detection of chlorite-smectite
  • 12.3.2 Detection of kaolinite-smectite
  • 12.4 In situ evidence for interstratified clays on Mars
  • 12.5 Conclusions
  • References
  • 13 Clays in Martian meteorites
  • 13.1 Introduction
  • 13.2 Aqueous alteration in Mars meteorites
  • 13.3 Origins of phyllosilicates in Mars meteorites: Pre versus postfall aqueous alteration
  • 13.4 Shergottites
  • 13.5 Nakhlites
  • 13.5.1 Sialic/silicate rust and "iddingsite" in nakhlites
  • 13.5.2 Amorphous constituent of sialic/silicate rust in nakhlites
  • 13.5.3 Phyllosilicates in nakhlites
  • 13.5.4 Elemental mobility in the formation of phyllosilicates in nakhlites
  • 13.6 Orthopyroxenite ALH 84001
  • 13.6.1 Smectite
  • 13.6.2 Talc-like phyllosilicate
  • 13.7 Phyllosilicates from Martian meteorites compared with those in rocks and regolith at Gale crater
  • 13.8 Phyllosilicates hosting organic matter and potential biosignatures
  • 13.8.1 Middle Amazonian aqueous alteration in early Amazonian nakhlites
  • 13.8.2 Middle Noachian aqueous alteration in early Noachian orthopyroxenite
  • 13.9 Summary
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 14 Clays and Martian astrobiology
  • 14.1 Introduction
  • 14.2 Characteristics of clay minerals
  • 14.3 Earth depositional environments
  • 14.4 What clays are (likely) present on Mars
  • 14.5 What are biosignatures?
  • 14.6 What biosignatures are preserved in clays on Earth
  • 14.6.1 Organic molecules diagnostic of biological origin
  • 14.6.2 Biofabrics
  • 14.6.3 Biomineralization
  • 14.6.4 Isotopic signatures
  • 14.7 What biosignatures are possible in clays on Mars?
  • 14.7.1 Organic molecules diagnostic of biological origin on Mars
  • 14.7.2 Isotopic signatures on Mars
  • 14.7.3 Biomineralization on Mars
  • 14.7.4 Biogenic gases on Mars.