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Photoelectrochemical and Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 into Fuels : A Shift Towards Net Zero Energy Landscape.

Photoelectrochemical and Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 into Fuels: A Shift Towards Net Zero Energy Landscape introduces a comprehensive guide on the effective utilization of renewable energy to convert CO2 into fuels or commodity chemicals, presenting new materials such as MXenes and phosphorenes that...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Srivastava, Rohit
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Bastakoti, Bishnu
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Cambridge, MA : Elsevier, 2025.
Series:Emerging Technologies and Materials in Thermal Engineering Series
Subjects:
Renewable energy sources.
Carbon dioxide.
Alternative fuels.
Énergies renouvelables.
Gaz carbonique.
carbon dioxide.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • Photoelectrochemical and Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 into Fuels
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgment
  • 1 Electrochemical reduction of CO2
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 C1 products
  • 1.2.1 Methane
  • 1.2.2 Carbon monoxide
  • 1.2.3 Methanol
  • 1.2.4 Formic acid/formate
  • 1.3 C2 product
  • 1.3.1 Ethane
  • 1.3.2 Ethylene
  • 1.3.3 Ethanol
  • 1.4 C3 products
  • 1.5 Future prospective and challenges
  • 1.6 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 2 Photochemical reduction of CO2
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Photochemical reduction of CO2
  • 2.2.1 Thermodynamic aspects
  • 2.2.2 Kinetic aspects of CO2 photoreduction
  • 2.2.3 Exploring the pathways of CO2 photoreduction
  • 2.3 Engineering approaches for precise photoreduction of CO2
  • 2.3.1 Adjusting the structures of morphology and bandgap
  • 2.3.2 Manipulating the surface's chemical compositions
  • 2.3.3 Regulating acidity-alkalinity of supports
  • 2.3.4 Harnessing solvent effects
  • 2.3.5 Enhancing the characteristics of the interface
  • 2.3.6 Incorporating appropriate cocatalysts
  • 2.4 Cocatalysts' crucial function in CO2 photoreduction
  • 2.4.1 Increasing CO2 photoreduction selectivity
  • 2.4.2 Reducing CO2 photoreduction overpotentials
  • 2.4.3 Encouraging the segregation of charges in photocatalysts
  • 2.4.4 Making CO2 adsorption and activation more efficient
  • 2.5 Inhibition of undesirable processes
  • 2.5.1 Suppressed production of hydrogen gas
  • 2.5.2 Prevented the oxidation of products
  • 2.6 Conclusions and prospects
  • References
  • 3 Enzymatic reduction of CO2
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Types of CO2 fixation enzymes and sources of these enzymes
  • 3.2.1 Rubisco
  • 3.3 Natural conversion of CO2 in cells
  • 3.4 Conversion of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO)
  • 3.5 Conversion of CO2 to formic acid or formate (HCOOH).
  • 3.6 Conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase (CA)
  • 3.7 Conversion of CO2 to methane (CH4)
  • 3.8 Conversion of CO2 to methanol (CH3OH)
  • 3.9 Conversion of CO2 to other essential products using the multienzyme system
  • 3.10 Carboxylation reactions
  • 3.11 Carboxylation of epoxides
  • 3.12 Carboxylation of aromatics
  • 3.13 Carboxylation of hetero-aromatics
  • 3.14 Carboxylation of aliphatic substrates
  • 3.15 Future perspectives
  • References
  • 4 Artificial photosynthesis: sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into fuels
  • 4.1 Background
  • 4.2 Motivation for artificial photosynthesis
  • 4.3 Natural photosynthesis versus artificial photosynthesis
  • 4.4 Advantages of artificial photosynthesis
  • 4.5 Technological challenges
  • 4.6 Environmental and economic opportunities
  • 4.7 Future perspective
  • 4.8 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 5 Advances and mechanistic insights of perovskite oxide catalysts for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Mechanism of perovskite oxide materials
  • 5.3 Double perovskites as catalysts for CO₂ reduction
  • 5.4 Effect of A-site cation doping
  • 5.5 Effect of B-site cation doping
  • 5.6 Effect of anion doping
  • 5.7 Effect of oxygen vacancies
  • 5.8 Future aspect and summary
  • References
  • 6 Phosphorene-based catalyst for CO2 conversion
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Phosphorene: history, synthesis, and properties
  • 6.2.1 Synthesis routes
  • 6.2.1.1 Delamination/electrochemical exfoliation
  • 6.2.1.2 Ball milling
  • 6.2.2 Properties
  • 6.3 Overview of CO2 reduction
  • 6.3.1 First-principles calculations of phosphorene-based catalyst for CO2 reduction
  • 6.3.2 Practical investigations of phosphorene-based catalyst for CO2 reduction
  • 6.4 Conclusion
  • References
  • 7 Polymer-based catalysts for CO₂ conversion
  • 7.1 Introduction.
  • 7.2 Mechanism and products of CO2 reduction using polymer-based catalysts
  • 7.3 Conventional catalysts and CRR cell constructions
  • 7.4 Electrochemical techniques for monitoring the behavior of the catalysts
  • 7.4.1 Linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry
  • 7.5 CP-based electrocatalysts
  • 7.5.1 PANI-based electrocatalysts for CRR
  • 7.5.1.1 Electrocatalysts based on pure PANI films
  • 7.5.1.1.1 PANI-coated Pt electrodes
  • 7.5.1.1.2 Silicon p-type electrodes coated with PANI
  • 7.5.1.1.3 PANI films for alcohol-to-CO2 reduction
  • 7.5.1.1.4 PANI-coated platinum plate electrodes
  • 7.5.1.2 Electrocatalysts based on a composite of PANI with metals
  • 7.5.1.2.1 Electrochemical evaluation of the Sn-PANI composite
  • 7.5.1.2.2 Selective CO2 reduction using Cu-PANI composite film
  • 7.5.1.2.3 Core-shell Au-PANI nanocomposites
  • 7.5.1.2.4 Systems PANI-Pt and Pd-PANI
  • 7.5.1.2.5 Enhancement of HCOOH efficiency with metallic nanoparticles
  • 7.5.1.2.6 Mechanistic insights and catalyst performance
  • 7.5.1.2.7 Doping PANI with metal ions
  • 7.5.1.2.8 Computations based on density functional theory (DFT) provide insights
  • 7.5.1.3 Electrocatalysts based on composites of PANI/metal oxide
  • 7.5.1.3.1 Cu2O nanoparticles encapsulated in PANI matrix
  • 7.5.1.3.2 Polyvinylsulfate/WO3/PANI composite
  • 7.5.1.3.3 Pt-promoted PANI-TiO2 nanocomposites
  • 7.5.1.3.4 CuBi2O4/PANI catalyst
  • 7.5.1.4 Electrocatalysts based on composites of PANI/iron complex/Prussian Blue
  • 7.5.1.4.1 The electrode was immobilized with FeL2 PANI/Prussian Blue (Ogura et al., 1996)
  • 7.5.1.4.2 The iron (II) complex of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonato and PANI/Prussian Blue (Ogura et al., 1994)
  • 7.5.2 Electrocatalysts based on polypyrrole
  • 7.5.2.1 Electrocatalysts based on PPy/metal complexes.
  • 7.5.2.1.1 Rhenium(I) complexes with PPy-coated electrodes (Liang et al., 2019)
  • 7.5.2.1.2 Cobalt(II) Schiff Base complexes with Ppy (Losada et al., 1995)
  • 7.5.2.1.3 Nickel(II) complexes with PPy-covered electrodes (Zhalko-Titarenko et al., 1990)
  • 7.5.2.1.4 Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) composite with Ppy (Zhang et al., 2009)
  • 7.5.2.2 Electrocatalysts based on composites of PPy/metal or metal oxide
  • 7.5.2.2.1 Re and Cu-Re alloy dispersed in PPy films (Periasamy et al., 2018)
  • 7.5.2.2.2 PPy/Cu2O composite shell on linen texture sheets
  • 7.6 Electrocatalysts based on other conducting polymers
  • 7.6.1 Electrocatalysts based on polythiophene
  • 7.6.2 Electrocatalysts based on polycarbazole
  • 7.6.3 Electrocatalysts based on polydopamine
  • 7.6.4 Electrocatalysts based on polyphenylene
  • 7.6.5 Electrocatalysts based on tetraphenylethylene-based conjugated microporous polymer (TPE-CMP)
  • 7.7 Challenges and prospects
  • 7.8 Conclusions
  • References
  • 8 Transition metal-based single atom catalyst for CO2 conversion
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.1.1 Clear active site and atom economy
  • 8.1.2 Choice of metal centers and support materials
  • 8.1.3 Intrinsic activity by surface structure modulation
  • 8.2 A timeline of the evolution of SACs and its applications in CO2RR
  • 8.3 CO2 reduction mechanism
  • 8.3.1 C1 products pathways
  • 8.3.1.1 CO formation pathway
  • 8.3.1.2 HCOOH formation pathway
  • 8.4 Classification of products
  • 8.4.1 The mechanism of the C1 products beyond the two-step CO formation
  • 8.4.2 The mechanism for Cn products, with n greater than 1
  • 8.5 SACs favor CO2R reaction over HER
  • 8.6 d-Band theory
  • 8.7 Dipole-field interactions in CO2 activation
  • 8.8 Effect of structure-property relationships on the catalytic efficiency of SACs
  • 8.8.1 Effect of coordination engineering
  • 8.8.1.1 MN5 configuration.
  • 8.8.1.1.1 MN3 configuration
  • 8.8.1.2 MN2 configuration
  • 8.9 Activity table for different SACs with product selectivity
  • 8.10 Synthesis and characterization of SACs
  • 8.11 Perspective
  • 8.11.1 Effect of reaction environment on the catalytic activity
  • 8.11.1.1 Electrolyte pH
  • 8.11.1.2 Solvent
  • 8.11.1.3 Cation and anion effects
  • 8.11.2 Strategies to improve the activity of SACs: effect of structural and electronic factors
  • 8.11.2.1 The surface charge and radii of the metal active sites
  • 8.11.2.2 The introduction of axial ligation increases the product selectivity of single-atom catalysts (SACs) for beyond-CO products
  • 8.11.3 Theoretical classification of CO2R products
  • 8.11.4 Dimensionality
  • 8.11.5 Higher Cn product
  • 8.11.6 Proceeding beyond the Sabatier principle
  • Acknowledgments
  • Conflicts of interest
  • References
  • 9 Blue-titania catalyst for CO2 conversion
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.1.1 The threat of excess CO2 and global warming
  • 9.1.2 Importance of CO2 conversion methods
  • 9.1.3 Photocatalytic CO2 reduction using TiO2
  • 9.1.4 Limitations of pristine TiO2
  • 9.2 Blue titania: a promising alternative
  • 9.2.1 Enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2
  • 9.2.2 Generation and role of oxygen vacancies
  • 9.2.3 Mechanisms of photocatalytic CO2 conversion with defective TiO2
  • 9.3 Synthetic strategies
  • 9.3.1 Under a reducing atmosphere
  • 9.3.1.1 Hydrogen (H2) atmosphere
  • 9.3.1.2 Use of hydrides
  • 9.3.1.3 High energy particle: H2 plasma application
  • 9.3.2 Formation of imperfections during annealing in an oxygen-deficient environment
  • 9.3.2.1 Annealing under the influence of inert environment (such as He, Ar, and N2)
  • 9.3.2.2 Flame reduction method
  • 9.3.2.3 Using organic reducing agents
  • 9.3.3 Metallothermic reduction
  • 9.3.4 Facet engineering
  • 9.4 Challenges and future directions.