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Imaging neuroinflammation /

Imaging Neuroinflammation provides an overview of the molecular and cellular basis of inflammation and its effects on neuroanatomy, reviews state-of-the-art imaging tools available to measure neuroinflammation, and describes the application of those tools to both preclinical animal disease models an...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Laule, Cornelia (Author)
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Academic press, [2023]
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Advances in Magnetic Resonance Technology and Applications Series.
Subjects:
Central nervous system > Imaging.
Inflammation.
Magnetic resonance imaging.
Neuroinflammatory Diseases > diagnostic imaging
Inflammation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Système nerveux central > Imagerie.
Inflammation (Pathologie)
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Imaging Neuroinflammation
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • Preface
  • Part 1: Overview
  • Chapter 1: Molecular and tissue basis of neuroinflammation in health and disease
  • General introduction
  • Peripheral inflammation
  • The case of neuroinflammation
  • Blood-brain barrier alterations
  • Increased blood-brain barrier permeability induced by inflammation
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to BBB permeability-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Entrance of inflammatory cells across the inflamed blood-brain barrier
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to immune cell infiltration-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Edematous component associated with inflammation
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to edema-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to microglia and astrocyte-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Inflammatory attack on myelin
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to myelin-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Neuronal injury
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to neuronal-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Iron
  • Pathological substrate
  • Introduction to iron-associated imaging biomarkers
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Part 2: Imaging approaches to inflammation
  • Chapter 2: Sensitivity and specificity of diffusion MRI to neuroinflammatory processes
  • What is diffusion MRI?
  • Sensitivity of diffusion MRI to cellular inflammatory processes
  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI)
  • Sensitivity of DTI and DKI to neuroinflammation
  • Animal validation studies showing sensitivity of diffusion MRI to neuroinflammation
  • Human studies of neuroinflammation using DTI and DKI
  • Specificity of diffusion MRI to cellular inflammatory processes.
  • Overview of popular diffusion MRI models
  • Models applied to animal studies of neuroinflammation
  • Models applied to human studies involving neuroinflammation
  • Conclusion and outlook
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Iron imaging in neuroinflammation
  • Introduction
  • Iron and neuroinflammation
  • Imaging iron in neuroinflammation
  • Magnitude techniques and relaxation time measurements
  • T2
  • T2*
  • Phase-based iron imaging
  • Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)
  • Susceptibility-based iron quantification
  • Phase processing
  • Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)
  • Susceptibility source separation
  • Miscellaneous considerations
  • Iron oxide particles
  • Field strength relevance
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 4: MRS in neuroinflammation
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Brain metabolism accessible with MRS
  • Metabolites visible with MRS
  • NAA
  • Creatine
  • Choline
  • Myo-inositol
  • Lactate
  • Glutamate and glutamine
  • Glx
  • Glutathione
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid
  • GABA
  • 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2HG)
  • Macromolecules and lipids
  • Case study of MRS in neuroinflammation: Multiple sclerosis as a primary inflammatory disease
  • Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology
  • Metabolic changes measured by MRS in MS
  • MRS data acquisition
  • Basics of MRS data acquisition
  • Signal localization
  • Water suppression
  • T1 nulling
  • Chemical shift selective (CHESS) water suppression
  • Variable power and optimized relaxations delays (VAPOR)
  • Metabolite cycling (MC)
  • Acquisition parameters
  • Echo time
  • Echo digitization
  • Repetition time
  • Voxel size and scan duration
  • Spectral editing
  • J-difference editing or editing
  • Multinuclear MRS
  • 31-Phosphorus
  • 13-Carbon
  • Diffusion MRS
  • MRS data analysis
  • Processing steps
  • Processing
  • Spectral fitting
  • Peak modeling
  • Linear combination modeling.
  • Tissue correction and metabolite quantification
  • Water-referenced data
  • Metabolite-referenced data
  • Issues with metabolite quantification
  • Spectral quality assurance and assessment
  • Quality assurance during acquisition
  • Artifacts
  • Quality assessment and rejection thresholds
  • Reporting standards and how to read MRS literature
  • Summary
  • References
  • Further reading
  • Chapter 5: Magnetization transfer and chemical exchange saturation transfer in neuroinflammation
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Central nervous system inflammation
  • Magnetization transfer as an umbrella term
  • MTC phenomenon and observations
  • The MT experiment
  • Quantification of the MT effect
  • The MTR
  • Quantitative MT (qMT)
  • Origin of the MT effect
  • MT imaging of acute inflammation: Histopathological and clinical validations
  • MT imaging of chronic inflammation: Histopathological and clinical validations
  • MT applications: Concluding remarks
  • Chemical exchange saturation transfer
  • Background
  • CEST phenomenon and APT CEST
  • The CEST experiment
  • Quantification of CEST
  • Confounds to the asymmetry measurement of the CEST effect
  • Summary of confounds
  • Model free CEST correction: AREX
  • Model-based CEST correction: Lorentzian fitting
  • CEST imaging of acute inflammation: Histopathological and clinical validations
  • CEST imaging of chronic inflammation: Histopathological and clinical validations
  • CEST applications: Concluding remarks
  • Unmet needs and application opportunities
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Gadolinium-based imaging of the blood brain barrier and brain waste clearance pathways
  • Introduction
  • Physiology and anatomy of the blood-brain barrier
  • Paravascular and perivascular spaces
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Brain waste clearance pathways
  • Glymphatic system.
  • Intramural periarterial drainage pathway-IPAD
  • Meningeal lymphatics
  • Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging of brain waste clearance pathways and blood-brain barrier disruption
  • Gadolinium-based contrast agents-Pharmacokinetics
  • Gadolinium-based contrast agents-Signal intensity on MRI
  • Intravenous injection of GBCA and in vivo MRI-based imaging
  • Intrathecal injection of GBCA and in vivo MRI-based imaging
  • Gadolinium-based MRI techniques and the disrupted blood-brain barrier
  • Pathological conditions and clearance consequences of BBB disruption
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Magnetic particle imaging
  • In vivo cellular imaging with magnetic resonance imaging
  • In vivo cellular imaging with magnetic particle imaging
  • Basic principles of MPI
  • Nanoparticles for MPI
  • Analysis and quantification of MPI data
  • MPI of inflammation
  • MPI in the brain
  • Challenges and limitations of MPI
  • Future of MPI cell tracking
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Positron emission tomography imaging of neuroinflammation
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction to neuroinflammation
  • Biomarkers of neuroinflammation
  • Microglia
  • Neuroinflammatory imaging biomarkers present on the microglia
  • Translocator protein (TSPO)
  • Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R)
  • P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7R)
  • Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)
  • Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
  • Oxidative stress
  • Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3)
  • Inflammatory cytokines
  • Cyclooxygenase (COX)
  • Infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils, and T-lymphocytes
  • Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
  • Matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2)
  • Role of astrocytes
  • Neuroinflammatory imaging biomarkers present on astrocytes
  • Enzymes (MAOs)
  • Reversible MAO-A/B binding inhibitor-based tracers
  • Irreversible MAO-A/B binding inhibitors-based tracers
  • Metabolite trapping approach.
  • Other emerging tracers
  • Imidazoline-2 receptors (I2IR)
  • Adenosine receptors
  • Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2)
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • Part 3: Animal models
  • Chapter 9: The use of animal models of neuroinflammation for imaging studies
  • Introduction
  • Importance of preclinical models
  • Applicability of preclinical models to humans
  • Animal models of central nervous system neuroinflammation
  • Transgenic mouse models
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
  • Cuprizone
  • Stroke models
  • Autism models
  • Hypoxia
  • Sex and hormone differences in animal models of CNS inflammation
  • Gut microbiome-CNS axis
  • Applicability and clinical relevance: Are there bad animal models of disease?
  • Developing imaging methods to study CNS inflammation
  • Gadolinium as a marker of neuroinflammation
  • Inflammatory components for imaging consideration
  • Imaging physiological, microstructural, and biochemical changes
  • New horizons
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Part 4: Human inflammation-based diseases
  • Chapter 10: Stroke
  • Introduction
  • Stroke pathophysiology
  • Neuroinflammation in stroke
  • Microglia
  • Adhesion molecules and leukocytes
  • Inflammation resolution
  • The influence of systemic and neuroinflammation on stroke recovery
  • Dynamic contrast enhanced imaging
  • Diffusion imaging
  • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • Positron emission tomography
  • Superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide enhanced MRI
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Central nervous system vasculitis
  • Historical diagnostic approach
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Neuroimaging
  • Biopsy
  • Vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VWMRI)
  • Diagnostic features
  • Technical considerations and imaging pitfalls
  • Differential diagnosis
  • Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS).