Fundamentals of air pollution /

Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Sixth Edition offers an extensive study of the science of air pollution. With a highly interdisciplinary approach, the book's author examines air pollution through the lenses of chemistry, physics, meteorology, engineering, toxicology, regulation, and more. Studen...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Vallero, Daniel A. (Author)
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London ; San Diego, CA : Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, [2025]
Edition:	Sixth edition /
Subjects:	Air > Pollution. Polluants atmosphériques. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Fundamentals of Air Pollution
Fundamentals of Air Pollution
Copyright
Contents
Preface
I
Foundations of Air Pollution
1. The State of the Atmosphere
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Atmosphere
1.2.1 Tropospheric Composition
1.3 Atmospheric Chemical Concentrations
1.3.1 Chemical Concentration
1.3.2 Concentration Unit Example
1.4 Fluid Properties and Dynamics
1.4.1 Atmospheric Fluid Properties
Questions
References
2. The Physics of the Atmosphere
2.1 Energy
2.1.1 Radiation from a Blackbody
2.1.2 Incoming Solar Radiation
2.1.3 Albedo and Angle of Incidence
2.1.4 Outgoing Longwave Radiation
2.1.5 Heat Balance
2.2 Motion
2.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
2.2.2 Adiabatic Processes
2.2.3 Determining Stability
2.2.4 Potential Temperature
2.2.5 Effect of Mixing
2.2.6 Radiation or Nocturnal Inversions
2.2.7 Subsidence Inversions
2.3 Energy-Motion Relationships
2.3.1 Pressure Gradient Force
2.3.2 Coriolis Force
2.3.3 Geostrophic Wind
2.3.4 Gradient Wind
2.3.5 Friction
2.3.6 Divergence
2.4 Local Wind Systems
2.4.1 Sea and Land Breezes
2.4.2 Mountain and Valley Winds
2.4.3 Urban-Rural Circulations
2.4.4 Flow Around Structures
2.5 General Circulation
2.5.1 Tropics
2.5.2 Mid-latitudes
2.5.3 Polar Region
2.5.4 Other Factors
2.6 Introduction to Air Pollution Physics
2.6.1 Atmospheric Entropy
2.7 Conclusions
Questions
References
Suggested Reading
3. The Science of Air Pollution
3.1 Air Pollution in Perspective
3.2 Emergence of Air Pollution Science, Engineering, and Technology
3.3 What is Air Pollution?
3.3.1 Particulate Matter
3.4 Atmospheric Transport and Fate
3.4.1 Sources and Sinks
3.4.2 Receptors
3.4.3 Transport and Dispersion.
3.4.4 Polluted Atmosphere
3.5 Air Pollution Engineering
3.6 Social Aspects of Air Pollution
3.7 Air Pollution Laws
3.7.1 The National Environmental Policy Act
3.7.2 Clean Air Act and Amendments
3.7.2.1 State Implementation Plans
3.7.2.2 Prevention Strategies: Source Review
3.7.2.3 Urban Air Pollution
3.7.2.4 Mobile Sources
3.7.2.5 Toxic Air Pollutants
3.7.2.6 Acid Deposition
3.7.2.7 Protecting the Ozone Layer
3.7.3 Solid and Hazardous Wastes Laws
3.7.3.1 Management of Active Hazardous Waste Facilities
3.7.3.2 Addressing Abandoned Hazardous Wastes
3.7.4 Environmental Product and Consumer Protection Laws
3.8 Air Pollution Before the Industrial Revolution
3.9 Air Pollution and the Industrial Revolution
3.10 Air Pollution Events in the 20th and 21st Centuries
3.10.1 Early-20th Century Events
3.10.2 Events During 1925-50
3.10.3 Events During 1950-80
3.10.4 The 1980s
3.10.5 Recent History
3.11 The Future
Questions
References
4. Air Pollution Decision Tools
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Interpreting Data
4.2.1 Expressions of Air Pollution Risk
4.2.1.1 Hypothetical Probability Example
4.2.2 Risk Factors and Confounders
4.2.3 Causal Links Between Risk Factors and Adverse Outcomes
4.2.3.1 Strength of Association
4.2.3.2 Consistency
4.2.3.3 Specificity
4.2.3.4 Temporality
4.2.3.5 Biologic Gradient
4.2.3.6 Plausibility
4.2.3.7 Coherence
4.2.3.8 Experimentation
4.2.3.9 Analogy
4.3 Rare Events: Black Swans and Perfect Storms
4.4 Data and Information Selection
4.5 The Nondetect Problem
4.6 Data Manipulation
4.7 Conclusions
Questions
References
5. Life Cycle Assessment of Air Pollutants
5.1 Systems Context for Air Pollution
5.2 Energy
5.3 Energy Life Cycles
5.3.1 Upstream Impacts
5.3.1.1 Mining Stressors.
5.3.1.2 Uranium Mining
5.3.1.3 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Stressors
5.4 Environmental Justice During Extraction
5.5 Fuel Cycle Impacts
5.5.1 Fuel Cycle Stressors
5.5.2 Crude Oil Transport Stressors
5.6 Refining Stressors
5.7 Operation Stage
5.7.1 Combustion
5.7.2 Operation
5.8 Downstream Impacts
Questions
References
II
The Risks of Air Pollution
6. Inherent Properties of Air Pollutants
6.1 Inherency
6.1.1 Basic Chemical Concepts
6.1.2 Expressions of Chemical Characteristics
6.1.2.1 The Periodic Table
6.1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation, Electron Density, Orbitals, and Valence
6.1.3.1 Physicochemical Processes in the Formation of Air Toxics
6.1.3.1.1 Combustions Reactions
6.1.3.1.2 Ionization
6.1.3.1.3 Solubility and Electrolytes
6.1.3.2 Environmental Acid and Base Chemistry
6.1.3.2.1 Hydrolysis
6.1.3.2.2 Photolysis
6.1.3.2.3 Precipitation Reactions
6.1.4 Organic Chemistry
6.1.4.1 Isomers
6.1.5 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry
6.1.5.1 Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations
6.1.5.2 Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry
6.1.5.3 Gas-phase Chemical Reaction Pathways
6.1.5.3.1 Photoabsorption of Solar Radiation
6.1.5.3.2 Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone Cycles
6.1.5.3.3 Role of Hydrocarbons
6.1.5.3.3.1 Ozone Reaction With Propene
6.1.5.3.3.2 Hydroxyl Radical Addition to Propene
6.1.5.3.3.3 Aldehyde Photolysis and Reactions
6.1.5.3.3.4 Radical Reactions With Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide
6.1.5.3.3.5 Radical Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide
6.1.6 Heterogeneous Reactions
6.1.7 Scavenging and Removal From the Atmosphere
6.2 Vapor Pressure
6.2.1 Henry's Law
6.3 Solubility
6.4 Persistence
6.4.1 Photochemical Reactivity
6.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Potential
6.4.3 Biodegradation.
6.4.4 Hydrolysis
6.5 Physical Phase
6.5.1 Particulate Matter Size and Mass
6.5.2 Fibers
6.5.2.1 Asbestos: The Fiber of Concern
6.5.2.2 Particulate Morphology
6.5.2.3 Particle Characteristics and Air Pollution Technology
Questions
References
7. Air Pollutant Hazards
7.1 Hazards
7.1.1 Chemical Hazards
7.1.2 Biological Hazards
7.1.3 Ecological Hazards
7.2 Dose-Response
7.3 Air Pollution Hazards
7.4 Air Toxics
7.4.1 Maximum Available Control Technology
7.4.2 Coke Oven Emissions: A Complex Hazardous Air Pollutant Class
7.5 Criteria Pollutants
7.5.1 Particulate Matter
7.5.2 Tropospheric Ozone
7.5.3 Nitrogen Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen
7.5.4 Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Sulfur
7.5.5 Carbon Monoxide
7.5.6 Lead
Questions
References
Further Reading
8. Air Pollutant Exposures
8.1 Exposure
8.2 Exposure Calculations
8.3 Chemical Intake and Exposure
8.4 Exposure Data
8.4.1 Environmental Data Needed for Air Pollution Exposure Calculations
8.4.1.1 Biomonitoring Data
8.4.2 Exposure Factors
8.4.3 Observational Studies
8.4.4 Acquiring Data for an Exposure Assessment
8.4.4.1 Evaluation of Environmental Data
8.5 Assessing Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure
8.6 Questions
References
9. Respiratory Effects of Air Pollutants
9.1 Respiration in Humans
9.2 Lung Kinetics
9.3 Air Pollutant Properties Important to Respiration
9.4 Respiratory System Transport and Fluid Dynamics
9.5 Respiratory Health Effects
Questions
References
10. Cardiovascular Effects of Air Pollutants
10.1 Human Cardiovascular System
10.2 Cardiovascular Disease and Air Pollution Associations
10.3 Cardiovascular Effects
10.3.1 Carbon Monoxide: A Cardiovascular Agent
10.3.2 Cooccurring Pollutants and Cardiovascular Effects.
10.3.3 Indirect Cardiovascular Effects
10.3.3.1 Nonrespiratory Routes
10.3.3.2 Environmental Changes Leading to Effects
Questions
References
11. Cancer and Air Pollutants
11.1 Linking Air Pollution to Cancer
11.1.1 Cancer Etiology
11.2 Estimating Risk From Airborne Carcinogens
11.3 National Air Toxics Assessment
11.4 Cancer Dose-Response
11.5 Airborne Carcinogens
11.5.1 Carcinogenic Metals
11.5.2 Fibers
11.5.3 Carcinogenic Organic Compounds
11.6 Indirect Relationships
Questions
References
12. Reproductive and Hormonal Effects of Air Pollutants
12.1 Reproductive and Developmental Effects
12.2 Endocrine Disruption
12.2.1 Endocrine Disruptor Characteristics
Questions
References
13. Neurological Effects of Air Pollutants
13.1 Neurotoxicity
13.1.1 Demyelination
13.1.2 Axonopathy
13.1.3 Neuronopathy
13.1.4 Functional Neurotoxicity
13.1.5 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition
13.1.6 Developmental Neurotoxicity
13.2 Neurotoxic Metals
13.2.1 Lead
13.2.2 Mercury
13.2.3 Manganese
13.2.4 Other Neurotoxic Metals
13.3 Neurotoxic Organic Compounds
13.4 Neurotoxic Particulates
13.5 Relationship to Other Effects
Questions
References
14. Air Pollution's Impact on Ecosystems
14.1 Ecosystem Risk
14.2 Ecosystem Susceptibility to Air Pollution
14.3 Air Pollution Impacts on Aquatic Ecosystems
14.3.1 Phytoplankton
14.3.2 Benthos
14.3.3 Disease-Causing Microbes
14.4 Net Primary Productivity and Eutrophication
14.4.1 Coral Reefs
14.5 Air Pollution Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
14.5.1 Effects on Flora
14.5.1.1 Forests
14.5.1.1.1 Low-Dose Levels
14.5.1.1.2 Intermediate-Dose Levels
14.5.1.1.3 High-Dose Levels
14.5.1.2 Crops and Food Supply
14.5.1.2.1 Vegetative Injury and Damage.