BIO-WASTE DERIVED CARBON MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, ESPECIALLY AS sensors.

Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications Especially as Sensors highlights the role of carbon nanomaterials as bio-(sensors) in several fields, presenting key achievements to date in the areas of biosensor-based diagnostics and environmental applications.

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	[S.l.] : Elsevier, 2025.
Subjects:	Nanostructured materials. Carbon. Detectors > Materials. Nanomatériaux. Carbone. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Intro
Bio-waste-derived Carbon Materials and their Applications, especially as Sensors
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Section 1: Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Biomass-derived carbon materials: An overview of synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications
1 Introduction
2 Biomass sources
2.1 Agricultural biomass
2.2 Forestry residues
2.3 Algae and aquatic material
2.4 Municipal solid waste
2.5 Animal manure
3 Biomass conversion processes
3.1 Pyrolysis
3.2 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
3.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
3.4 Solvothermal synthesis
3.5 Microwave-assisted synthesis
3.6 Plasma-enhanced synthesis
4 Structural and chemical properties bio-derived carbon materials
4.1 Morphology and microstructure
4.2 Chemical composition and surface functionalization
4.3 Physical and electronic properties
4.3.1 Electrical and thermal conductivity
4.3.2 Mechanical properties
4.3.3 Optical properties
5 Application
5.1 Sensing technologies
5.1.1 Biosensors
5.1.2 Chemical or gas sensors
5.2 Environmental application
5.2.1 Membrane for gas separation
5.2.2 Pollutant absorbents
5.3 Energy storage and conversion
5.3.1 Energy harvesting devices
5.3.2 Batteries and supercapacitors
5.4 Pharmaceutical and biomedical
5.4.1 Drug delivery systems
5.4.2 Imaging agents and contrast materials
5.5 Emerging applications
5.5.1 Flexible electronics
5.5.2 Catalysis support
6 Future prospects and challenges
6.1 Challenges in scalability and reproducibility
6.2 Sustainability and environmental concerns
6.3 Collaboration with other materials
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Green carbon materials: Biomass-derived solutions for environmental applications
1 Introduction.
2 Synthesis of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
2.1 Hydrothermal carbonization
2.1.1 HTC as a pretreatment method
2.1.2 HTC-based synthesis of carbonaceous materials
2.2 Pyrolysis method
2.2.1 Lignocellulosic biomass
2.2.2 Non-lignocellulosic biomass
2.3 Other thermal treatment methods
3 Formation mechanisms of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
3.1 Formation mechanism by hydrothermal carbonization
3.2 Formation mechanism by pyrolysis
3.2.1 Lignin
3.2.2 Cellulose
3.2.3 Lignocellulosic biomass
3.2.4 Non-lignocellulosic biomass
3.2.5 Biomass derivatives
4 Environmental applications
4.1 Environmental sensing
4.2 Adsorptive removal of pollutants
4.3 Catalytic degradation of environmental pollutants
5 Conclusion
6 AI disclosure
References
Chapter 3 Non-enzymatic electrochemical determination of hormones using biowaste derived carbon nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 Hormones as chemical messengers
3 Bio-waste as a source of carbon nanomaterials
3.1 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
3.2 Pyrolysis
3.3 Hydrothermal carbonization
3.4 Activation methods
4 Non-enzymatic detection of hormone
5 Performance
5.1 Sensitivity and selectivity
5.2 Response time and recovery time
5.3 Stability and reproducibility
6 Challenges
7 Recent advancements in bio-waste-derived carbon materials for sensor applications
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials for environmental applications
1 Introduction
2 Pyrolysis
2.1 Slow pyrolysis
2.2 Fast pyrolysis
2.3 Flash pyrolysis
3 Hydrothermal carbonization
4 Activation processes
5 Properties of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
5.1 Structural characteristics
5.2 Surface chemistry
6 Environmental applications
6.1 Water purification.
6.2 Air quality improvement
6.3 Soil remediation
6.4 Energy storage and conversion
7 Challenges
8 Future directions
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Bio-derived carbon quantum dots for fluorescence sensing applications
1 Introduction
2 BCQDs for chemical sensing
2.1 Heavy metal ions
2.1.1 Mercuric (Hg 2 +) ions
2.1.2 Lead (Pb 2 +) ions
2.1.3 Iron (Fe 3 +) ions
2.2 Pharmaceutical drugs
2.3 Toxic agrochemicals
3 Bioimaging
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 6 Green synthesis of nanomaterials from bio-waste for efficient photocatalytic sensors
1 Introduction
2 Background on carbon-based nanomaterials
3 Types of carbon-based nanomaterials
4 Significance of biowaste as a resource
5 Bio-waste as a sustainable resource
6 The concept of waste-to-resource conversion
7 Biowastes in the synthesis of carbon nanomaterial
8 Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials
9 Photocatalytic properties of carbon nanomaterial
10 Sensor development
10.1 Integration strategies
10.2 Design and fabrication
10.3 Sensing performance
11 Applications
12 Challenges and limitations
13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Bio-derived carbon quantum dots for fluorescence sensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Functionalization and biocompatibility
1.2 Environmental and technological implications
2 Overview of QCDs
2.1 Characterization of CDs
2.2 Synthetic methods
3 Optical properties of CQDs
4 Synthesis of bio-derived CQDs
4.1 Plant-based sources
4.2 Animal-based sources
4.3 Agricultural waste
4.4 Biomass
5 Functionalization and surface passivation
6 Applications of bio-derived CQDs in fluorescence sensors
6.1 Biological sensing
6.2 Environmental monitoring
6.2.1 Detection of heavy metal ions in water.
6.2.1.1 Mercury ions
6.2.1.2 Ferric ions
6.3 Advantages of bio-derived CQDs
6.4 Future prospects
6.5 Challenges and future directions
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Bio-derived mesoporous carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery and imaging applications
1 Introduction
2 Sources and composition of bio-derived carbon materials
2.1 Plant-derived biomass precursors
2.2 Animal-derived biomass precursors
2.3 Microorganism-derived biomass
3 Properties and structure of bio-derived carbon materials
3.1 Zero-dimensional carbon materials
3.2 One-dimensional carbon materials
3.3 Two-dimensional carbon materials
3.4 Three-dimensional carbon materials
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Application of biochar and response surface plots for efficient heavy metal removal from surface water
1 Introduction
2 Types of heavy metals
3 Heavy metal toxicity
4 Harmful impacts of heavy metals on soil and crops
4.1 Impacts on soil
4.2 On crops
4.2.1 Biological recognition elements
4.2.2 Transduction methods
5 Response surface optimization and mathematical modeling in heavy metal removal
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Electrochemical sensors: Advances in bio-waste derived carbon materials and their applications
1 Introduction
2 Importance and types of biomasses
3 Synthesis and advantages of carbon materials from biomass
4 Sensors based on carbon materials
5 Advantages of electrochemical sensors
6 Electrochemical detection of biomolecules using carbon materials
6.1 Biomolecule samples
6.2 Pharmaceutical samples
6.3 Toxic chemicals
7 Conclusions, prospects, and challenges
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11 Mesoporous and macroporous carbons as electrode material for electrochemical sensing
1 Introduction.
2 History of electrochemical sensors
3 Working principle
3.1 Working electrode
3.2 Reference electrode
3.3 Counter electrode
4 Various types of electrochemical sensors
4.1 Potentiometric sensors
4.2 Amperometric sensors
4.3 Conductometric sensors
4.4 Impedimetric sensors
5 Various electrode material used for electrochemical sensors
5.1 Carbon-based materials
5.2 Metal-based materials
5.3 Polymer-based materials
5.4 Composite materials
6 Carbon-based electrode materials
6.1 Graphite
6.2 Glassy carbon
6.3 Carbon paste
6.4 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
6.5 Graphene
6.6 Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)
6.7 Mesoporous carbon
6.8 Macroporous carbon
7 Introduction to mesoporous carbon
7.1 Characteristics of mesoporous carbon
7.2 Mesoporous carbon as electrode material
8 Introduction to macroporous carbon
8.1 Characteristics of macroporous carbon
8.2 Macroporous carbon as electrode material
9 Future directions and research opportunities
References
Chapter 12 Bio-derived smart nanostructures for application as sensors
1 Introduction
1.1 Why bio-derived CQDs?
2 Synthesis methods of CQDs
2.1 Biomass as a feedstock
2.1.1 Synthesis of biomass derived CQDs
2.2 Synthetic routes
3 Characterization techniques
3.1 Spectroscopic methods
3.1.1 UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy
3.1.2 Analysis of optical properties
3.2 Microscopy techniques
3.2.1 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM)
3.3 Elemental analysis
3.3.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis
3.3.2 Determination of elemental composition
4 Fluorescence sensing
4.1 Enhancement of sensitivity and selectivity
4.2 Detection of pollutants, heavy metals, and contaminant.