Bio-polymerized sulfur for sustainable practice in applied sciences and engineering /

Bio-polymerized Sulfur for Sustainable Practice in Applied Sciences and Engineering explores innovative approaches in sustainable chemistry by leveraging renewable resources and sulfur as foundational elements for creating sustainable functional materials.

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Mohamed, Abdel-Mohsen Onsy (Author), El-Gamal, Maisa, 1966- (Author)
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam ; Cambridge, MA : Elsevier, [2025]
Subjects:	Sulfur. Green chemistry. Soufre. Chimie verte. sulfur (mineral) Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Bio-polymerized Sulfur for Sustainable Practice in Applied Sciences and Engineering
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
About the authors
Preface
1 Polymerized sulfur contribution to circular economy
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sustainability challenges
1.3 Circular economy
1.4 Polymerized sulfur and circular economy
1.4.1 Polymerized sulfur in infrastructures
1.4.2 Polymerized sulfur in the construction industry
1.4.3 Polymerized sulfur in ground improvements
1.4.4 Polymerized sulfur in road pavement industry
1.4.5 Polymerized sulfur in the agriculture industry
1.4.6 Polymerized sulfur in waste treatment
1.4.7 Polymerized sulfur in the production of highly functional materials
1.5 Circular economy legislation
1.6 Circular economy drivers, challenges, inhibitions, and enablers
1.6.1 Drivers
1.6.2 Challenges
1.6.3 Inhibitions
1.6.4 Enablers
1.7 Circular economy monitoring indicators
1.7.1 Material and resource efficiency indicators
1.7.2 Waste production and management indicators
1.7.3 Product design and life cycle management
1.7.4 Business model and innovation indicators
1.8 Polymerized sulfur Integration into economy
1.9 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further Reading
2 Sulfur global impacts and its properties
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources of sulfur
2.2.1 Natural sources of sulfur
2.2.1.1 Volcanic eruptions
2.2.1.2 Sedimentary rocks
2.2.1.3 Oceanic sulfur cycle
2.2.1.4 Sulfur cycle on Mars
2.2.2 Anthropogenic sources of sulfur
2.2.2.1 Fossil fuel combustion
2.2.2.2 Industrial processes
2.2.2.3 Agricultural practices
2.2.3 Examples of sulfur emissions
2.2.4 Reducing sulfur emissions
2.3 Sulfur trade
2.3.1 Production
2.3.2 Consumption
2.3.3 Trade
2.4 Sulfur utilization.
2.4.1 Agriculture industry
2.4.2 Petroleum industry
2.4.3 Chemical industry
2.4.4 Food industry
2.4.5 Mining industry
2.4.6 Pharmaceutical industry
2.4.7 Rubber industry
2.4.8 Paper industry
2.4.9 Meat processing industry
2.4.10 Construction industry
2.5 Sulfur demand
2.5.1 Market demand for sulfur by industry
2.5.1.1 Fertilizer industry
2.5.1.2 Oil and gas industry
2.5.1.3 Other industries
2.5.2 Market demand for sulfur by region
2.5.2.1 Asia Pacific
2.5.2.2 North America
2.5.2.3 Europe
2.5.3 Factors affecting sulfur demand
2.6 Environmental and health impacts
2.6.1 Environmental impacts
2.6.1.1 Greenhouse gas emissions
2.6.1.2 Climate change
2.6.1.3 Air pollution
2.6.1.4 Acid rain
2.6.1.5 Water pollution
2.6.1.6 Mercury contamination
2.6.1.7 Fugitive emissions
2.6.1.8 Land use
2.6.1.9 Soil degradation
2.6.1.10 Waste disposal
2.6.1.11 Energy consumption
2.6.1.12 Water consumption
2.6.2 Health impacts
2.6.2.1 Respiratory issues
2.6.2.2 Eye and skin irritation
2.6.2.3 Neurological effects
2.6.2.4 Digestive problems
2.7 Crystal structure
2.8 Physical properties of sulfur
2.8.1 Color
2.8.2 Melting
2.8.3 Density
2.8.4 Solubility
2.8.5 Viscosity
2.9 Strength properties of sulfur
2.9.1 Surface tension
2.9.2 Compressive and tensile strength
2.9.3 Elasticity
2.10 Thermal properties
2.10.1 Sulfur forms
2.10.2 Thermal conductivity
2.10.3 Specific heat
2.10.4 Thermal expansion
2.10.5 Thermogravimetric behavior
2.11 Chemical properties of sulfur
2.11.1 Lewis electron diagram
2.11.2 Oxidation states
2.11.3 Combustion
2.11.4 Acid-base properties
2.11.5 Oxidation-reduction reactions
2.11.6 Chemical reactions with olefins
2.11.7 Polymerization
2.12 Biological functions.
2.13 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
3 Bio-based polymeric materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bio-based polymers
3.3 Vegetable oils as renewable monomers
3.4 Chemical composition of plant oils
3.5 Chemical modifications of fats and fatty acids
3.6 Biomass
3.7 Bio-oil
3.8 Biomass conversion technologies
3.8.1 Biochemical conversion
3.8.2 Thermochemical conversion
3.9 Biomass transformation mechanisms
3.9.1 Biomass type
3.9.2 Temperature
3.9.3 Pressure
3.9.4 Catalysts
3.9.5 Solvent
3.9.6 Biomass-to-solvent ratio
3.9.7 Residence time
3.10 Bio-oil composition and properties
3.10.1 Elemental composition
3.10.2 Chemical composition
3.10.3 Molecular weight
3.10.4 Boiling and distillation
3.10.5 Phase stability
3.10.6 Physical properties
3.10.7 Moisture content
3.10.8 Homogeneity
3.10.9 Oxidation and aging
3.10.10 Corrosion potential
3.11 Physical and chemical properties of fatty acids
3.11.1 Melting point
3.11.2 Boiling point
3.11.3 Density
3.11.4 Refractive index
3.11.5 Electrical conductivity
3.11.6 Dielectric constant
3.11.7 Critical micelle concentration
3.11.8 Solubility
3.12 Bio-polymer polylactic acid
3.13 Stability of vegetable oils
3.13.1 Atmospheric effect
3.13.2 Light effect
3.13.3 Temperature and humidity effects
3.13.4 Inorganic metals effect
3.14 Identification of newly formed products and long-term stability
3.14.1 Analytical techniques
3.14.1.1 Spectroscopic techniques
3.14.1.2 Chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques
3.14.1.3 Micro gas chromatography
3.14.1.4 High-performance liquid chromatography
3.14.1.5 Solid-phase microextraction
3.14.1.6 SPME-GC-MS method
3.14.1.7 Two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
3.14.1.8 Size exclusion chromatography
3.14.1.9 Electron paramagnetic resonance
3.14.1.10 Differential scanning calorimetry
3.14.2 Assessment of progress of oxidation
3.14.2.1 Structural indices
3.14.2.2 Quality indices
3.15 Long-term stability and service life
3.16 Sulfur polymerization of vegetable oil
3.17 Environmental issues
3.18 Industrial applications
3.18.1 Coatings and polymers
3.18.2 Printing inks
3.18.3 Lubricants
3.18.4 Cosmetics/pharmaceuticals
3.18.5 Leather processing
3.18.6 Surfactants
3.18.7 Solvents
3.18.8 Hydraulic fluids
3.18.9 Pesticide/herbicide adjuvants
3.18.10 Glycerin
3.18.11 Concrete and asphalt release agents
3.18.12 Dust control agent
3.18.13 Crayons and candles
3.18.14 Biodiesel fuel/lubricity additives
3.18.15 Heating oils
3.18.16 Aviation fuels
3.19 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
4 Bio-polymerized sulfur
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Inverse vulcanization
4.2.1 Without solvent and initiator
4.2.2 With a cross-linking agent and a catalyst
4.2.2.1 Types of cross-linking agents
4.2.2.2 Types of catalysts
4.2.2.3 Catalysts for vegetable oils
4.3 A radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization (RASP)
4.4 Organosulfur products
4.5 Copolymerization of sulfur with vegetable oils
4.5.1 Examples of copolymerization in the absence of catalysts
4.5.1.1 Palm oil
4.5.1.1.1 Preparation
4.5.1.1.2 Chemical composition
4.5.1.1.3 Thermal stability
4.5.1.2 Corn oil
4.5.1.2.1 Preparation
4.5.1.2.2 Chemical composition
4.5.1.2.3 Thermal stability
4.5.1.2.4 Thermal properties
4.5.1.2.5 Structural properties
4.5.1.3 Soybean oil
4.5.1.3.1 Preparation
4.5.1.3.2 Morphology
4.5.1.3.3 Chemical composition
4.5.1.3.4 Thermal properties.
4.5.1.3.5 Structural properties
4.5.1.4 Cottonseed oil derivatives
4.5.1.4.1 Preparation
4.5.1.4.2 Chemical composition
4.5.1.4.3 Physical and mechanical properties
4.5.1.5 Mixture of sunflower, olive, and linseed oils
4.5.1.5.1 Preparation
4.5.1.5.2 Chemical composition
4.5.1.5.3 Morphology
4.5.1.5.4 Solubility
4.5.1.5.5 Thermal stability
4.5.1.6 Algae oil
4.5.1.6.1 Preparation
4.5.1.6.2 Chemical composition
4.5.1.6.3 Structural property
4.5.1.6.4 Thermal property
4.5.2 Copolymerization with a catalyst
4.5.2.1 Oleic acid
4.5.2.1.1 Preparation
4.5.2.1.2 Chemical composition
4.5.2.1.3 Thermal stability
4.5.2.1.4 Mechanical property
4.5.2.2 Rubber seed oil
4.5.2.2.1 Preparation
4.5.2.2.2 Chemical composition
4.5.2.2.3 Thermal stability
4.5.2.2.4 Thermal properties
4.5.2.2.5 Structural properties
4.5.2.3 Canola, rice bran, and caster oils
4.5.2.3.1 Preparation
4.5.2.3.2 Chemical composition
4.5.2.3.3 Thermal stability
4.5.2.3.4 Thermal properties
4.5.2.4 Cotton seed oil
4.5.2.4.1 Preparation
4.5.2.4.2 Morphology
4.5.2.4.3 Chemical composition
4.5.2.4.4 Physical and thermal properties
4.5.2.4.5 Thermal stability
4.5.2.4.6 Thermal property
4.6 Characteristics of poly(S-r-bio-based monomers)
4.6.1 Color
4.6.2 Solubility
4.6.3 Molecular weight
4.6.4 Chemical composition and structure
4.6.5 Morphology
4.6.6 Thermal stability
4.6.7 Mechanical properties
4.6.8 Elasticity
4.7 Polymerization conditions
4.7.1 High temperatures
4.7.2 Low temperatures
4.7.3 Room temperature
4.8 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Further reading
5 Greening building construction: The emerging frontier of bio-polymerized sulfur
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sulfur allotropes
5.3 Sulfur polymerization processes.