http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Progress in floating photovoltaic systems
Progress in Floating Photovoltaic Systems reflects the huge growth underway in floating photovoltaic (PV) systems, covering the latest technologies, new ideas, and practical solutions-currently available in the sector-to support further development and implementation. This book begins by introducing floating PV, its potential, and its role as the third pillar of PVs, alongside land and roof. This is followed by in-depth chapters detailing materials and design of structures, tracking systems, cooling, cleaning systems, snow load and evaporation, mooring systems, PV modules and uses, hydroelectric coupling, wind load and wave impact, and offshore solutions. The final chapters provide measurements of existing plants, economic and financial analysis, and detailed information on environmental impact and mitigation. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, R&D professionals, electrical engineers, power engineers, and practitioners involved in PVs, solar energy, and renewable energy.
Front Cover -- Progress in Floating Photovoltaic Systems -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the authors -- 1 Third pillar of photovoltaics: floating photovoltaics -- Evolution of electric energy market up to 2023 and projections for 2030 -- Hydroelectric sector -- Wind sector -- Concentrated solar power sector -- Biofuel and geothermal energy -- Renewable energy sources and photovoltaic sector -- Main challenge for renewable energy sources: problem of intermittency -- Forecast for floating photovoltaics -- Photovoltaic utility-scale and rooftop systems: is floating photovoltaics the third pillar? -- New York -- Rome -- Beijing -- Advantages and limitations of floating photovoltaics -- Advantages of floating photovoltaics -- No land occupancy -- Limiting greenhouse and albedo effects -- Hybrid systems and coupling to wind and hydroelectric power plants -- Reduction of specific energy costs -- Installation and decommissioning -- Water saving -- Cooling and tracking -- Biofouling control -- Limitations of floating photovoltaics -- Photovoltaic module lifecycle -- Disasters due to wind gusts or waves -- Birds and aquatic soiling -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Floating structures material and design -- Class 1: HDPE pipes plus metal elements -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Class 2: Full plastic rafts supporting a single photovoltaic module -- Class 3: Photovoltaics supported by pontoons -- Class 4: Submerged and membrane floating photovoltaics -- Submerged photovoltaic modules -- Semisubmerged systems -- Flexible floating photovoltaic solutions -- Membranes supporting photovoltaic modules -- Class 5: Bifacial modules and photovoltaic sails for shallow water and nearshore plants -- Bifacial modules -- Photovoltaic sail on poles/minipiles wind direction oriented -- Fixed sails with vertical bifacial photovoltaic modules.
Appendix 1: Accidents due to wind gusts in FPV plants -- References -- 3 Tracking systems for floating photovoltaics -- Introduction -- Advancements in FPV tracking systems: challenges, solutions, and future directions -- Vertical axis tracking -- Vertical axis tracking inside a confinement structure -- Vertical axis tracking with a partial confining structure -- Vertical axis tracking without a confining structure -- Horizontal axis trackers -- Tracking floating photovoltaic energy performance analysis -- Sites and photovoltaic systems data -- Thermal losses -- Horizontal axis tracker North-South -- Vertical axis tracking -- Economical comparison of tracking floating photovoltaic -- Methodology -- CAPEX -- Revenues -- OPEX -- Levelized cost of energy -- Sensitivity of levelized cost of energy -- References -- 4 Mooring systems for floating photovoltaics -- Premise -- Mooring systems -- Rigid mooring systems -- Taut mooring systems -- Catenary mooring systems -- Compliant mooring systems -- Examples of existing mooring systems -- Design parameters for reliable mooring applications -- Taut elastic mooring systems -- Viscoelastic properties -- Composite elastomers -- Taut elastic mooring systems -- Reliable mooring systems for floating photovoltaic plants -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Hydroelectric coupling with floating photovoltaics -- Hydroelectric power plants versus solar photovoltaics -- Why this slowdown? -- Maturity of technology -- Environmental impact -- Comparison with wind and photovoltaic technologies -- Decreasing equivalent hours for hydroelectric power plants -- Advantages of coupling floating photovoltaic and hydroelectric power plant systems -- Grid connection -- Reduction of power fluctuation -- Installation and management -- Water saving -- Hybrid FPV-HPP and power and energy density -- Worldwide analysis.
Future trends, sustainable potential, and hidden opportunities for hydropower sector in European Union -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Wind load and snow impact on floating photovoltaics -- Introduction -- Qualitative analysis of computational fluid dynamics: a naive physical approach -- Drag coefficient -- Full plant -- Numerical simulation of computational fluid dynamics -- CFD simulations: results for South-oriented tilted PV platform with 50 m/s wind coming from the rear -- Velocity analysis -- CFD Simulations: results for gable structure with wind at 0 and 45 degrees -- Wind at zero degrees -- Wind at 45 degrees -- Cut plot-vorticity and relative pressure -- Rafts: global forces acting -- Snow management -- Adding ohmic resistance to photovoltaic modules -- Direct current on photovoltaic diodes -- Using hot air for heating -- Cold water as thermal source -- Ice melting -- Snow melting -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Offshore solutions for floating photovoltaics -- Introduction -- Wave impact and wave load -- Proposed solutions -- Small size pontons solutions -- Large pontoons following wave motions -- Large pontoons raised above sea level -- Photovoltaics Sails: vertical photovoltaic modules on buoy (Tina et al., 2024) -- Photovoltaics sails: vertical photovoltaic modules on rafts -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Measurements on floating photovoltaic plants -- Introduction -- Albedo -- Photovoltaic module temperature -- Cooling -- Testbed description -- Description of photovoltaic systems -- Performance indexes -- Energy -- Energy yield of photovoltaic array -- Reference yield -- Performance ratio -- Results of tests conducted on floating photovoltaic systems -- Ground versus floating photovoltaic systems -- Portrait versus landscape -- Tracker versus gable -- References -- 9 Impact of floating photovoltaics on the inland aquatic ecosystem.
Introduction -- Sandpit lakes -- Food web: eat and be eaten -- Phytoplankton and zooplankton -- Aquatic vegetation -- Macrofauna -- Fish -- Birds and bats -- Observations-monitoring -- Impact on oxygen and photosynthesis -- Light availability -- Oxygen concentration -- Chlorophyll-a -- Impact on stratification -- Impact on evaporation -- Other observations -- Modeling -- 0D models -- 1D models -- 2D models -- 3D models -- Conclusions -- Light availability -- Oxygen concentration -- Chlorophyll-a -- Effects on thermal stratification -- Recommendations -- Knowledge gaps -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Economic and financial analysis of floating photovoltaics -- Introduction -- Components of floating photovoltaic plants -- Investment cost and environmental impact of floating photovoltaic plants -- Available surface and preparation -- Electric material costs -- Supports of land-based photovoltaics and floating photovoltaics (CAPEX) -- Class 1 -- Class 2 -- Class 3 and Class 4 -- Human work for assembly and connection operation -- Managing and decommissioning -- Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.