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Thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic materials : theory, design, and applications for the future /

Thermochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials: Theory, Design, and Applications for the Future proposes a generalized methodology for the design and study of thermochemical conversion reactors independent of the feedstock used and the technology analyzed.

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Garcìa-Pèrez, Manuel, 1972- (Editor), Chejne Janna, Farid (Energy engineer) (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Amsterdam ; Cambridge, MA : Elsevier, [2025]
Subjects:
Lignocellulose > Combustion.
Biomass conversion.
Biomasse > Conversion.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Thermochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1: The role of biomass to address global energy and environmental challenges
  • Abbreviations
  • 1.1. Population growth, energy, and socioeconomic development
  • 1.2. Energy production and greenhouse gas emissions
  • 1.3. Energy intensity
  • 1.4. Social progress index
  • 1.5. National energy balance/energy matrix
  • 1.6. Historic evolution of energy consumption
  • 1.7. Bioenergy in national energy matrixes
  • 1.8. The unique role of biomass in the global C cycle
  • 1.9. Accounting for the environmental services of renewable energy
  • 1.10. Measuring performance through carbon abatement cost
  • 1.11. Questions
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Biomass resources and supply chains
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. Biomass inventories
  • 2.3. Supply chain
  • 2.3.1. Biomass collection
  • 2.3.2. Grasses and agricultural residues
  • 2.3.3. Forest residues
  • 2.3.4. Urban wood waste
  • 2.3.5. Oilseeds
  • 2.4. Transport
  • 2.5. Depot and depot sitting
  • 2.6. Biomass storage/processing center location
  • 2.6.1. Storage warehouse location using the weighted factors method
  • 2.6.2. Storage warehouse location using the Brown-Gibson method
  • 2.6.3. Storage warehouse location with the center of gravity method
  • 2.6.4. Storage warehouse location with the Break-Even method
  • 2.6.5. Location of a storage warehouse with the northwest corner method
  • 2.6.6. Exhaustive search exact algorithm method
  • 2.7. Questions
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Introduction to thermochemical reactors
  • 3.1. Biomass conversion technologies
  • 3.2. Camp fire experience
  • 3.3. Thermochemical reactions
  • 3.4. Thermochemical reactors
  • 3.5. Equivalence ratio
  • 3.6. Dry thermochemical conversion technologies
  • 3.6.1. Torrefaction
  • 3.6.2. Carbonization.
  • 3.6.3. Fast pyrolysis
  • 3.6.4. Gasification with O2
  • 3.6.5. Steam gasification
  • 3.6.6. Combustion
  • 3.7. Wet thermochemical conversion technology
  • 3.7.1. Hydrothermal liquefaction
  • 3.7.2. Organic solvent liquefaction (solvolysis)
  • 3.7.3. Hydrothermal gasification
  • 3.7.4. Wet oxidation
  • 3.8. Questions
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Lignocellulosic materials
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. Multiscale structure of lignocellulosic materials
  • 4.3. Cellulose
  • 4.4. Hemicellulose
  • 4.5. Lignin
  • 4.6. Extractives
  • 4.6.1. Types of extractives
  • Phenolics
  • Terpenes
  • Alkaloids
  • Fatty acids
  • 4.6.2. Extraction and characterization methods
  • 4.7. Quantifying the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
  • Quantification of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
  • 4.8. Mineral composition
  • 4.8.1. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP)
  • Ashing
  • Ash digestion
  • 4.8.2. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
  • 4.8.3. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
  • 4.8.4. X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
  • 4.8.5. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)
  • 4.9. Questions
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Drying, particle size reduction, and densification of lignocellulosic materials
  • 5.1. Biomass particles
  • 5.1.1. Particle shape
  • 5.1.2. Particle size
  • 5.1.3. Particle size distribution
  • 5.1.4. Mechanical properties
  • Youngs modulus
  • Tensile strength
  • Shearing strength
  • Bending strength (also known as flexural strength)
  • 5.1.5. Other properties of lignocellulosic powders
  • Porosity
  • Moisture content
  • Flow properties
  • 5.2. Biomass particle size reduction process
  • 5.3. Grinding of lignocellulosic materials
  • 5.4. Factors affecting size reduction mechanical operations
  • 5.5. Grinding energy calculations
  • 5.6. Biomass feeding in thermochemical reactors
  • 5.7. Biomass drying
  • 5.7.1. Biomass dryers.
  • 5.8. Biomass densification
  • 5.9. Biomass particles compression experiments
  • 5.10. Questions and problems
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Experimental techniques to study thermochemical reactions
  • 6.1. Thermochemical reactions
  • 6.2. The role of parametric studies
  • 6.2.1. Effect of temperature
  • 6.2.2. Heating rate effect
  • 6.2.3. Effect of external pressure
  • 6.2.4. Particle size effect
  • 6.2.5. Effect of biomass loading (interparticle secondary reactions)
  • 6.2.6. Effect of vapors residence time
  • 6.3. Thermal analysis
  • 6.4. Thermogravimetric analysis
  • 6.4.1. Heating layouts and commercial oven types
  • 6.4.2. Sampling and sample containers
  • 6.4.3. Pressure and reaction environment
  • 6.4.4. Temperature measurement
  • 6.4.5. Calibration
  • 6.4.6. Analysis of the data
  • 6.4.7. Challenges in the use of thermogravimetric analysis to study primary reactions
  • 6.4.8. Proximate composition
  • 6.5. Evolved gas analysis-EGA (TG-MS, TG-FTIR)
  • 6.5.1. TG- mass spectrometry (MS)
  • 6.5.2. TG-FTIR
  • 6.6. Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry
  • 6.6.1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
  • 6.6.2. Calorimetric DTA
  • 6.6.3. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
  • 6.6.4. Power compensated DSC (Fig. 6.29)
  • 6.6.5. Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC)
  • 6.6.6. Quantitative aspects of DTA and DSC curves
  • 6.7. Py-MS and Py-GC/MS
  • 6.7.1. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS)
  • 6.7.1.1. Furnace pyrolyzer
  • 6.7.1.2. Courie-point pyrolyzer
  • 6.7.1.3. Resistively filament pyrolyzer
  • 6.7.1.4. Py-MS
  • 6.8. Py-DART-MS
  • 6.9. Spoon reactors
  • 6.10. Fluidized bed reactors
  • 6.11. Wire mesh reactors
  • 6.12. Pulse-heated analysis of solid reactions (PHASR)
  • 6.13. Hot rod reactor
  • 6.14. Entrained flow reactor.
  • 8.5. Estimation of product yields from stoichiometric and kinetic information
  • 8.6. Secondary reactions in gas phase
  • 8.7. Char oxidation reactions
  • 8.7.1. Nonisothermal conditions
  • 8.8. Questions
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Single particle models
  • 9.1. Experimental determination of total conversion time
  • 9.2. General methodology for the development of single particle models
  • 9.3. State of the art of biomass pyrolysis single particle models
  • 9.4. Estimation of effective conductivity in biomass and char particles
  • 9.4.1. Effective conductivity perpendicular to the fibers
  • 9.4.2. Siau model
  • 9.4.3. Saastamoinen and Richard model
  • 9.4.4. Effective thermal conductivity along the fibers
  • 9.5. Particle-scale models for biomass pyrolysis
  • 9.6. Analytical solutions for limit cases
  • 9.7. Simplified Bamfords pyrolysis single particle model
  • 9.8. Single particle models in gasification
  • 9.9. Effective diffusivity
  • 9.10. Single particle model for gasification
  • 9.11. Dimensionless local balance equations
  • 9.12. Solutions of the local mass balance equation under limit conditions
  • 9.13. Advanced gasification models
  • 9.13.1. Solutions of the local mass balance equation under limit conditions for the biochar gasification reaction
  • 9.14. Effect of particle size distribution and flow pattern
  • 9.15. Questions
  • References
  • Chapter 10: Estimation of thermodynamic properties
  • 10.1. Introduction
  • 10.2. Boiling point
  • 10.3. Critical properties
  • 10.4. Heat capacity
  • 10.5. Hansen solubility parameters
  • 10.6. Gas enthalpy of formation
  • 10.7. Gas standard Gibbs free energy
  • References
  • Chapter 11: Mass balances in thermochemical processes
  • 11.1. Generalities of thermochemical reactions
  • 11.2. Concentration expression based on aggregate states
  • 11.2.1. Forms to express concentration in solids.