Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers /

Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers is based on the notion that classical books of Boundary Layer Meteorology largely focus on ideal surface conditions, while the actual real circumstances often address situations that are more complex, like over heterogeneous land and in urban and mountain a...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Rotach, Mathias W. (Author), Holtslag, Albert A. M. (Author)
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London : Academic Press, 2025.
Subjects:	Boundary layer (Meteorology) Couche limite (Météorologie) Capa límit (Meteorologia) Electronic books. Llibres electrònics.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Intro
Ideal and Real Atmospheric Boundary Layers
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
List of symbols and acronyms
Latin symbols
Greek symbols
Acronyms
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer
1.2. Phenomenological overview
1.2.1. The ideal neutral boundary layer
1.2.2. The convective boundary layer
1.2.3. The stable boundary layer
1.2.4. The boundary layer height
1.3. Surface energy budget and the daily cycle
References
Part I: Ideal atmospheric boundary layers
Chapter 2: A brief introduction to atmospheric turbulence
2.1. The turbulence syndrome
2.2. The Reynolds number
2.3. Laminar vs. turbulent flows
2.3.1. Viscosity
2.3.2. Comparing laminar and turbulent flows
2.3.3. Turbulent flow in the atmospheric boundary layer
2.4. Tools to describe turbulent atmospheric flows
References
Chapter 3: Statistical treatment of turbulence
3.1. Averaging, stationarity and homogeneity
3.1.1. Ensemble averages
3.2. Taylor hypothesis
3.3. Reynolds decomposition
3.4. Covariances and their physical meaning
3.5. Other turbulence variables
References
Chapter 4: Conservation equations for turbulent flows
4.1. Conservation equations for mean variables in a turbulent flow
4.1.1. Equation of state for ideal gases
4.1.2. Continuity equation (conservation of mass)
4.1.3. Conservation of momentum
4.1.4. Conservation of energy
4.1.5. Mass conservation for a trace constituent
4.1.6. Summary of first order conservation equations
4.2. Conservation equations for higher order moments
4.3. The closure problem
References
Chapter 5: Turbulent kinetic energy and dynamical stability
5.1. TKE-equation
5.1.1. Shear production of TKE
5.1.2. Turbulent transport of TKE
5.1.3. Dissipation of TKE.
8.2.1. Diagnostic mixing parameterizations
8.2.2. Prognostic mixing parameterizations
8.2.3. Setting up an atmospheric model
References
Chapter 9: The neutral boundary layer
9.1. The surface layer
9.2. Ekman boundary layer wind profile and depth
9.3. Boundary layer resistance law
9.4. Alternative boundary layer wind profile
9.5. Turbulence in neutral boundary layers
References
Chapter 10: The convective boundary layer
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Turbulent mixing of heat and momentum
10.3. Modeling convective boundary layers
10.4. Land-atmosphere interactions and formation of boundary layer clouds
10.5. Surface layer wind gradients and profiles
References
Chapter 11: The stable boundary layer
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The wind profile
11.3. The temperature profile
11.4. Modeling stable boundary layers
11.5. Turbulence in stable boundary layers
11.6. Stable boundary layer depth
11.7. Small-scale processes in the SBL and their interaction with SBL dynamics
References
Part II: Real atmospheric boundary layers
Chapter 12: Non-ideal boundary layers
12.1. Overview
12.2. Non-horizontally homogeneous surfaces
12.3. Large roughness elements-Very rough surfaces
12.4. Influence of orography
References
Chapter 13: Surface inhomogeneity and heterogeneity effects
13.1. Overview
13.2. Simple two-surface systems
13.2.1. Internal boundary layers
13.2.2. Internal boundary layer (IBL) height
13.2.2.1. Roughness change
13.2.2.2. Thermal internal boundary layers
13.2.2.3. Effect on air quality
13.3. Heterogeneous surfaces
13.3.1. Blending height and effective fluxes
13.3.2. Advective enhancement of energy fluxes
13.4. Assessing surface influence
13.4.1. Footprint modeling
13.4.2. A similarity-based footprint model
References.
Chapter 14: Flow over rough surfaces
14.1. General considerations
14.1.1. Spatial scales
14.1.1.1. Roughness length and zero-plane displacement
14.1.2. Methods to investigate turbulence in and above canopies
14.1.2.1. Spatial averages and dispersive stress
14.1.2.2. Conditional sampling
14.2. Mean profiles
14.2.1. Momentum transfer
14.2.2. Mean wind speed
14.2.3. Profiles of thermodynamic variables
14.2.4. Turbulent kinetic energy
14.3. Scaling in the roughness sublayer above the canopy
References
Chapter 15: Exchange processes within vegetated and urban canopies
15.1. Coherent structures
15.2. Mixing layer analogy
15.3. A unified roughness sublayer theory
15.3.1. Validity and basic assumptions
15.3.2. Formulation and further assumptions
15.4. Canopy impacts on urban dispersion modeling
15.4.1. Eulerian approach
15.4.2. Lagrangian approach
References
Chapter 16: Boundary layers over orography
16.1. Introduction to mountain boundary layers
16.2. Idealized flow regimes: Flows on sloped surfaces
16.3. Idealized flow regimes: Valley and slope wind circulations
16.4. Idealized flow regimes: Flow over Gentle Hills
16.4.1. Linear theory
16.4.2. Flow features over gentle hills
16.4.2.1. Speed-up over the crest
16.4.2.2. Speed-up modified by stability of background flow
16.4.2.3. Flow in the wake and separation
16.4.2.4. Turbulence characteristics
16.4.3. Estimation of drag on hills
16.4.4. Canopies on low hills
References
Chapter 17: Characteristics of real terrain mountain boundary layers
17.1. Horizontal inhomogeneity of the MoBL
17.1.1. Surface energy balance (SEB) in complex terrain
17.1.2. Spatial variability of daily cycles
17.2. Vertical structure of the MoBL
17.2.1. Daytime vertical potential temperature structure.
17.2.2. Night time (stable) vertical structure
17.2.3. The MoBL height
17.2.3.1. The layer affected by ``vertical´´ mixing
17.2.3.2. The layer influenced by the surface
17.2.3.3. The layer influenced by the daily cycle
17.3. Turbulence structure of the MoBL
17.4. Similarity in the MoBL
17.4.1. Applicability of MOST over complex terrain
17.4.1.1. Flux-variance relationships
17.4.1.2. Flux-gradient relationships
17.4.2. Scaling outside the SL over complex terrain
17.4.3. Isotropy scaling in complex terrain
17.5. Exchange to the free troposphere
References
Chapter 18: Observing and modeling real atmospheric boundary layers
18.1. Observational challenges in complex terrain
18.1.1. Measurements and post processing of turbulence variables in complex terrain
18.1.1.1. Eddy covariance (EC) technique
18.1.1.2. Time averaging
18.1.1.3. Coordinate rotation
18.1.1.4. Systematic errors and data quality
18.1.2. Chances and caveats for certain measurement principles
18.1.2.1. Vertical profiles
18.1.2.2. Spatial variability
18.1.3. Useful diagnostics in complex terrain
18.1.3.1. Dissipation rate of TKE
18.1.3.2. Roughness parameters
18.1.3.3. Indirect methods to assess turbulent fluxes and variances
18.1.3.4. Boundary layer height
18.2. Challenges for numerical modeling over complex terrain
18.2.1. Numerical approaches for heterogeneous surfaces
18.2.2. Surface exchange parameterization over tall canopies
18.2.2.1. Single-layer parameterizations
18.2.2.2. Multi-layer parameterizations
18.2.2.3. High-resolution modeling
18.2.3. Challenges of ABL modeling over terrain influenced by orography
18.2.3.1. General modeling issues in complex terrain
18.2.3.2. Near-surface turbulent exchange over complex terrain.