http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Cancer of the Breast: Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment comprehensively examines all aspects of breast cancer, including classiﬁcation, risk factors involved, and prevention. While offering in-depth coverage of breast cancer biology and current therapies, the book also provides insights into the ﬁelds of cancer genetics and prevention, as well as surveillance strategies against breast cancer. Readers will find multidisciplinary approaches that promote the interaction between basic research and clinical research in the ﬁelds of oncology, genetics, and molecular biology. This book is a valuable resource for health professionals, researchers, health practitioners, graduate and medical students, and anyone who wishes to broaden their knowledge in the allied ﬁeld. - Offers a comprehensive summary of breast cancer initiation and progression - Explores risk factors and advances in the reduction of breast cancer risks - Includes coverage of genetic counselling and methods of self-screening for breast cancer - Covers future perspective in breast cancer diagnostic tools and treatment strategies.
Front Cover -- Cancer of the Breast -- Cancer of the Breast Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Treatment -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 -- Global epidemiological status of breast cancer burden: Potential reduction strategies and preventive measures -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Breast cancer burden in the United States -- 3. Breast cancer burden in the European Union -- 4. Breast cancer burden in the African countries -- 5. Breast cancer burden in Asian countries -- 6. Breast cancer incidence in Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania -- 7. Conclusion and future perspective -- Funding -- Conflict of interest -- References -- 2 -- Risk factors for breast cancer: Knowledge and prevention -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nonmodifiable risk factors of breast cancer -- 2.1 Genetic inheritance and family history -- 2.2 Age at puberty -- 2.3 Early menarche -- 2.4 Late menopausal age -- 3. Modifiable risk factors -- 3.1 Delayed marriage age -- 3.2 Late first childbirth -- 3.3 Lactation failure -- 3.4 Hormonal replacement therapy -- 3.5 Use of hormonal contraceptives -- 3.6 Obesity-induced breast cancer -- 3.7 Excessive alcohol consumption -- 3.8 Tobacco smoking -- 3.9 Unhealthy dietary habits and lack of physical activity -- 4. Strategies for breast cancer prevention -- 4.1 Self-breast examination -- 5. Conclusion and future directions -- References -- 3 -- Histological and molecular classification of breast cancer: Basic understanding -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Morphological classification of breast cancer -- 2.1 Noninvasive/in situ carcinoma -- 2.1.1 Ductal carcinoma in situ -- 2.1.2 Lobular carcinoma in situ -- 2.1.3 Paget's disease -- 3. Infiltrating invasive breast carcinoma -- 3.1 Infiltrating invasive ductal carcinoma -- 3.2 Invasive lobular carcinoma -- 3.3 Special subtype -- 3.3.1 Tubular carcinoma.
3.3.2 Mucinous carcinoma -- 3.3.3 Cribriform carcinoma -- 3.3.4 Papillary carcinoma -- 3.3.5 Metaplastic carcinoma -- 3.3.6 Medullary carcinoma -- 3.3.7 Inflammatory breast carcinoma -- 4. Rare morphological variants of invasive breast cancer -- 4.1 Apocrine carcinoma -- 4.2 Neuroendocrine carcinoma -- 4.3 Secretory carcinoma -- 4.4 Adenoid cystic carcinoma -- 4.5 Lipid-rich carcinoma -- 4.6 Oncocytic carcinoma -- 4.7 Acinic cell carcinoma -- 5. Histopathological prognostic factors in breast cancer -- 5.1 Histological grading -- 5.2 Lymph node metastasis -- 6. Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 4 -- Breast cancer stroma and its components: Implication in diagnostic and therapeutic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Breast cancer microenvironment and its components -- 2.1 Immune cells in the breast tumor microenvironment -- 2.1.1 Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes -- 2.1.1.1 CD4 positive T-cells -- 2.1.1.1 CD4 positive T-cells -- 2.1.1.2 CD8+ positive T-cells -- 2.1.1.2 CD8+ positive T-cells -- 2.1.1.3 Regulatory T cells -- 2.1.1.3 Regulatory T cells -- 2.1.1.4 Natural killer cell -- 2.1.1.4 Natural killer cell -- 2.1.2 Macrophages -- 2.2 Nonimmune cells in the breast tumor microenvironment -- 2.2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells -- 2.2.2 Adipocytes -- 2.2.3 Endothelial cells -- 3. Cancer-associated fibroblast -- 3.1 Origin and heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts -- 3.2 Activation of CAFs -- 3.3 Cancer-associated fibroblasts and angiogenesis -- 3.4 Cancer-associated fibroblasts in Tumorigeneses -- 3.5 Cancer-associated fibroblasts and therapy response -- 3.6 Extracellular matrix -- 4. Tumor microenvironment and its molecular alterations -- 5. Impact of tumor stroma on clinical outcome -- 6. Targeted therapy for tumor microenvironment -- References -- 5 -- Genetic behind breast cancer: Germline and somatic factors -- 1. Introduction.
2. Genetic factors in breast cancer pathology -- 2.1 High penetrance genes -- 2.2 Moderate-penetrance genes -- 2.3 Low-penetrating genes in breast cancer -- 3. Screening and recommendation -- 4. Hereditary predisposition to breast cancer -- 5. Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 6 -- Breast cancer and its genetic heterogeneity at single cell level: A concise perspective of cellular architectur ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Breast cancer heterogeneity -- 2.1 Intertumor heterogeneity -- 2.2 Intratumor heterogeneity -- 2.2.1 Temporal heterogeneity of breast cancer -- 3. Hypothetical considerations in breast cancer heterogeneity -- 3.1 Cancer stem cell hypothesis -- 3.2 Clonal evolution model -- 4. Deciphering the heterogeneity at single cell resolution -- 4.1 Molecular subtypes of breast tumor cells -- 4.2 Deciphering the involvement of stromal cells -- 5. Clinical implications of tumor heterogeneity -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Recent advancement in molecular tools for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy decision: Trends in future perspe ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Radiological technique for breast cancer diagnosis -- 2.1 Contrast-enhanced mammography -- 2.2 Tomosynthesis -- 2.3 Automated whole-breast ultrasound -- 2.4 Abbreviated breast MRI -- 2.5 Artificial intelligence in breast imaging -- 3. ER/PR/HER-2 testing for intrinsic molecular subtyping -- 4. Commercially available assay for prognosis estimation -- 4.1 Multigene assays -- 4.2 Oncotype DX -- 4.3 MammaPrint and BluePrint -- 4.4 PAM50 -- 4.5 Breast cancer index -- 4.6 Multigene assays for DCIS -- 5. Molecular testing for therapeutic decision -- 5.1 PIK3CA -- 5.2 NTRK fusions -- 5.3 ESR1 -- 5.4 ERBB2 -- 6. Testing for immunotherapy decision -- 6.1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors -- 6.2 PD-L1 testing by IHC.
6.3 Mismatch repair deficiency/microsatellite instability and tumor mutational burden -- 7. Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- 8 -- Recent development in treatment strategies for breast cancer: With special reference to immunotherapy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Treatment strategies for breast cancer -- 2.1 Surgery for breast cancer -- 2.2 Chemotherapy for breast cancer -- 2.3 Radiotherapy for breast cancer -- 2.4 Endocrine therapy for breast cancer -- 2.5 Targeted therapy in breast cancer -- 3. Immunotherapy for breast cancer -- 3.1 Immune checkpoint inhibitors -- 3.2 CAR-T cell therapy -- 4. Conclusion and future prospective -- References -- 9 -- Liquid biopsy: A noninvasive tool in breast cancer diagnosis and therapy response -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Circulating tumor DNA -- 1.2 ctDNA in early breast cancer diagnosis -- 1.3 ctDNA in metastatic breast cancer -- 1.4 ctDNA in therapy or pathological responses and relapse prediction -- 1.5 ctDNA for tracking breast cancer heterogeneity -- 2. Circulating tumor cells -- 3. Future perspective -- References -- Further reading -- 10 -- Protein biomarkers in breast cancer: Implication in diagnosis and prognosis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Protein biomarkers and breast cancer -- 2.1 HER-2 overexpression -- 2.2 Luminal A -- 2.3 Luminal B -- 2.4 Triple-negative breast cancer -- 3. Serum-enriched biomarkers -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- 11 -- Understanding of chemotherapeutic resistance: With special reference to breast cancer -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of breast cancer and treatment modalities -- 2.1 Classification of breast cancer subtypes -- 2.1.1 Hormone receptor-positive -- 2.1.2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive -- 2.1.3 Triple negative breast cancer -- 2.2 Overview of treatment modalities -- 2.2.1 Hormonal therapy -- 2.2.2 Targeted therapies -- 2.2.3 Chemotherapy.
2.2.4 Neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings -- 2.2.5 Immunotherapy -- 3. Mechanisms of therapeutic resistance -- 3.1 Intrinsic factors -- 3.1.1 Genetic mutations -- 3.1.1.1 ESR1 mutations -- 3.1.1.1 ESR1 mutations -- 3.1.1.2 PIK3CA mutations -- 3.1.1.2 PIK3CA mutations -- 3.1.1.3 Retinoblastoma gene 1 and cdk4/6 inhibitor resistance -- 3.1.1.3 Retinoblastoma gene 1 and cdk4/6 inhibitor resistance -- 3.1.1.4 Overactivation of CDK2 -- 3.1.1.4 Overactivation of CDK2 -- 3.1.1.5 Multidrug resistance phenotype -- 3.1.1.5 Multidrug resistance phenotype -- 3.1.2 Tumor heterogeneity -- 3.1.3 Cancer stem cells -- 3.1.4 Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition -- 3.2 Acquired factors -- 3.3 Tumor microenvironment -- 3.4 Metabolic adaptations -- 4. Resistance mechanisms in HR-positive breast cancer -- 4.1 Tamoxifen -- 4.1.1 ESR1 mutations and tamoxifen resistance -- 4.1.2 ER mutations -- 4.2 Ligand-binding domain alterations -- 4.2.1 Cross-talk with growth factor signaling -- 4.3 Aromatase inhibitors -- 4.3.1 Aromatase inhibitor resistance -- 4.3.2 Upregulation of alternative estrogen sources -- 4.3.3 ESR1-MUT and AI response -- 4.3.4 Mutations in aromatase -- 4.4 Resistance mechanisms in HER-2-positive breast cancer -- 4.4.1 Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab -- 4.4.2 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Lapatinib, Neratinib, Tucatinib) -- 4.5 Resistance mechanisms in TNBC -- 4.5.1 Chemotherapy -- 4.5.2 PARP inhibitors -- 4.5.3 Resistance mechanisms in CDK4/6 inhibitors -- 5. Strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance in breast cancer -- 5.1 Personalized medicine -- 5.2 Combination therapies -- 5.3 Immunotherapy approaches -- 5.4 Innovative research and emerging strategies -- 6. Clinical implications and future directions -- 6.1 Impact on clinical decision-making -- 6.2 Current clinical trials and research initiatives -- 6.3 Promising approaches and technologies -- References.
12 -- Breast cancer stem cell: Role in pathogenesis.
edited by Dharambir Kashyap, Huda Salman, Riya Sharma, Vivek Kumar Garg.
Includes bibliographical references and index.