http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Geophysics and the Energy Transition involves four sections: What is the Energy Transition and why storage so important; selecting sites for storage; advanced monitoring technology; and moving forward to integrating Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) within the Energy Transition. Geophysics will also play a role in finding and developing alternatives to fossil fuels such as natural hydrogen and geothermal using much of the knowledge gained from the CO2 storage industry. To provide the public and others with the confidence to move forward with a structured and cost-effective energy transition, this book provides the necessary evidence that we can store CO2 safely and effectively and use this as a significant component of the energy transition.?We can also find and store new energy sources. Geophysics and the Energy Transition is written by experts in the field who have practiced the science and engineering associated with the subsurface for years. CCS is an integral component of the new energy transition but the application of Geophysics in the future will extend well beyond CCS if we are going to transition successfully to a carbon neutral environment. Science, engineering, and technology applications are important for site selection, characterization and monitoring to assure safe storage in the subsurface and energy sustainability in the future.
Front Cover -- Geophysics and the Energy Transition -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Foreword -- 1 The energy transition -- 1 Introduction to the energy transition -- Introduction -- The energy transition -- The way forward -- What is carbon capture and storage? -- Government policy encouraging carbon capture and storage -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Economic enablement of carbon capture and storage for the low carbon energy transition -- Introduction -- Barriers to carbon capture and storage -- Simple policy models -- Model 1 taxes and subsidies to fix market failure with externalities -- Model 2 policies to get to the optimal level of pollution -- Comparing distribution effects of a CO2 standard, emission tax, and cleanup subsidy -- Model 3: abatement and cap-and-trade -- Precautionary principle and historical global temperature -- How CO2 permit trading sets the price -- Model 4 CO2 abatement as a public good -- Discounting the future -- Review of economic modeling of carbon capture and storage -- Modeling global CO2: climate to climate policy to carbon capture and storage -- Existing projects and policies -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 A survey of carbon capture and storage cost and storage availability -- Introduction -- Carbon capture and storage costs -- Cost of capture in power generation -- Cost of capture in industry -- Cost of CO2 transportation -- CO2 sources and geological sinks -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Energy transition: a reservoir engineering perspective -- Preface -- Prologue -- Energy transition in a population-increasing world -- US energy consumption in 2021 -- Greenhouse gases and global warming potential -- Managing carbon dioxide emissions -- Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)-a field example.
Industrial CO2 source for EOR and carbon capture and storage -- Global carbon capture and storage capacity as of November 2023 -- CO2 storage in aquifers-a field research project -- Direct air capture (DAC) -- Oxy direct air capture in the Permian Basin -- Other greenhouse gas emission issues -- Hydrogen -- Natural hydrogen -- Designated hydrogen colors -- Biofuels -- Ethanol -- Geothermal energy -- Nuclear power in a low-carbon world -- Energy transition-conclusions -- References -- 5 Preventing CO2 from fossil fuels from reaching the atmosphere -- Carbon capture technologies -- Recent development of new solvents for postcombustion technology -- Amine-based solvents -- Chemical-physical biphasic solvents -- Amino acid-based solvents -- Ionic liquids and hybrid solvents -- Enhancement of current solvents with the aid of solid particles -- Nanoparticles -- Solid catalysts -- The state-of-the-art technologies of postcombustion technology -- Membrane technologies -- Carbon dioxide gas membrane separation -- Integrated process of membrane and chemical absorption -- Electrochemical membrane separation -- Electrochemically mediated amine regeneration -- Split-flow configurations -- Mechanical vapor recompression -- Calcium looping -- Cryogenic process -- Other potential technologies -- Membrane vacuum regeneration -- Novel adsorption technologies -- Direct steam injection -- Summary -- References -- 6 Critical reservoir parameters for safe, secure, and long-term storage learned from the many lessons of the past for selec... -- Introduction -- History of subsurface storage and industrial examples of subsurface storage -- Underground storage/disposal ranked by capacity/rate -- Incidental storage: examples and attributes of successful large-volume storage sites -- Risk factors for the consideration of long-term secure storage.
A dearth of widespread geologic data and site understanding -- Lack of a thick, high porosity, high permeability, and storage capacity -- Questions about expansive lateral formation continuity -- An open aquifer system connected to an underground source of drinking water -- A closed aquifer system of insufficient volume -- An open or closed aquifer system connected to critically stressed crustal rocks -- Locations in aseismic regions -- Leaky seals and faults -- Leaky wellbores -- Fluid transmissive fractures -- Formation "overload" -- Nontechnical issues -- Examples and attributes of successful large-volume disposal sites -- The Williston Basin, Inyan Kara, and Broom Creek formations -- The residual oil zones of the Permian Basin -- Other examples and attributes of successful large-volume storage sites -- Site characterization design and storage monitoring tools -- References -- 2 Integration of disciplines and technologies to ensure effective CCS -- 7 The need for integrated reservoir characterization in carbon capture and storage -- Introduction -- Seismic imaging -- Seismic reservoir characterization -- Carbon capture and storage development -- References -- 8 CO2 messes with rock physics -- Introduction -- State of the art in modeling of CO2 injections -- Acoustic properties of CO2 phases -- Saturation effects -- Recent advances -- Alterations of the fluid phase -- Poroelastic fluid saturation -- Fluid composition change -- Fluid mobility variation -- Changes in the rock matrix -- Pressure changes -- Chemical reaction effects -- Caprock alteration with diffusion into seals -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 The geochemistry of carbon capture and storage with implications for hydromechanical feedbacks and geophysical monitoring* -- Key points -- Introduction -- Carbon dioxide trapping mechanisms -- Physical trapping mechanisms.
Solubility and mineral trapping -- Geochemistry of carbon capture and storage -- Equilibrium considerations -- Kinetic considerations -- Impacts of water-carbon dioxide-rock interactions of different carbon capture and storage reservoir types -- Siliciclastic reservoirs -- Carbonate reservoirs -- Shale caprocks -- Mafic and ultramafic formations -- Feedback on hydraulic and mechanical rock properties -- Permeability -- Rock strength -- Velocities and stiffness -- Discussion and open questions -- Summary -- References -- 10 The geomechanics of carbon storage -- Introduction -- The knowledge activity -- Project goals -- Geomechanical issues -- Data audit -- Geoscience and engineering data analysis -- Calibration and knowledge databases -- The geoscience activity -- Important concepts -- Geomechanical behavior -- Information content in data -- Issues of scale -- Geophysics -- Borehole geology -- Petrophysics -- Borehole geophysics -- Processing acoustic waveforms -- Elastic moduli -- Rock physics -- Poroelasticity -- Upscaling -- Reservoir geomechanics -- Geomechanical properties -- Mechanical stratigraphy -- Rock strength correlations -- Earth stresses -- Overburden pressure and vertical stress -- Pore pressure -- Minimum horizontal stress -- Linear elastic stress models: gravity loading -- Linear elastic stress models: poroelasticity -- Failure stress models -- Additional sources of stress -- Maximum horizontal stress -- Stress orientation -- Model dimensionality -- The engineering design activity -- The engineering onsite activity -- Challenges ahead -- Fluid migration pathways -- Near-wellbore region -- Caprock -- Natural fractures and faults -- Geomechanics -- Poroelastic considerations -- Rock strength -- Earth stresses -- References -- 3 The role of geophysics in developing successful CCS projects -- 11 Geophysical technologies for CO2 monitoring.
Introduction -- Multicomponent seismology and controlled source electromagnetics -- P- and S-wave multicomponent seismic -- Controlled source electromagnetics -- Discussion -- Resolution and detection -- Noise -- Well logging techniques -- Fiber optic methods -- Sampling -- Repeatability -- Project components -- Summary -- References -- 12 Advances in coupled passive and active seismic monitoring for large-scale geologic carbon storage projects -- Introduction and background -- Seismic monitoring of geological carbon storage projects -- Sparse monitoring -- Newell County Field Research Station -- Passive seismic surveillance using the SADAR network -- Active source seismic surveillance -- Bedrock-coupled seismic source -- Data acquisition -- Data processing -- Active source imaging using the SADAR network -- Discussion and conclusions -- References -- 13 New tools for quantitative data interpretation -- Introduction -- Artificial intelligence -- The cloud -- Cybersecurity -- Integration -- Visualization and creativity -- Change management -- Business models -- Wrap-up -- References -- 4 New site studies using advanced geophysical technologies -- 14 Multiwell DAS VSP monitoring of a small-scale CO2 injection: experience from the Stage 3 Otway Project -- Introduction -- Seismic monitoring program: timeline and operations -- Drilling and completion of the wells -- Deployment of an array of surface orbital vibrators -- Development and deployment of hardware and software for interfacing the receiver array with continuous sources and on-site ... -- Acquisition and analysis of 4D vertical seismic profiling data -- Continuous monitoring using distributed acoustic sensor and surface orbital vibrators -- Passive distributed acoustic sensor data analysis -- Discussion and outlook -- Surface vs borehole geometry.
edited by Malcolm Wilson, Tom Davis, Martin Landrø.