Neuropsychiatric complications of HIV : a challenging health concern /

Neuropsychiatric Complications of HIV: A Challenging Health Concern examines these neuropsychiatric complications prevalent in those who are HIV positive, providing clinical correlation, translational significance, and details guides to neurocognitive assessment, brain imaging, and related neurophar...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Singh, Anchal (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	[Place of publication not identified] : Academic Press, [2025]
Subjects:	HIV infections > Complications. Neuropsychiatry. Infections à VIH > Complications et séquelles. Neuropsychiatrie. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Intro
Neuropsychiatric Complications of HIV: A Challenging Health Concern
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: The neurobiology of human immunodeficiency virus infections
Summary
Introduction
Clinical stages of HIV infection
Group I: Primary HIV infection
Group II: Asymptomatic phase
Group III: Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
Group IV: Symptomatic HIV infection
Molecular biology of the HIV virus
Genetic diversity and HIV clades
HIV replication
NeuroAIDS
Neurotoxicity and neuro-invasion
Factors for NeuroAIDS
Anti-retroviral drugs
High-risk behavior
Co-infection and co-morbidities
Virus-related issues
Host-related issues
HIV latency and reservoir
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Glossary
Chapter 2: HIV-1-mediated neuropsychiatric complications: Diagnosis and management
Summary
HIV and its impact on global health
HIV-1 infection and neuropsychiatric complications
Mechanisms of HIV entry into the CNS
The concept of viral reservoirs in the brain
HIV-associated dementia
Co-infections and development of neurophysiological disorders
Methods for screening and diagnosis of HAND
Anti-retroviral therapy-mediated neuropsychiatric toxicity
Peripheral neuropathy
Myopathy
Lactic acidosis
Discussion of diagnostic challenges and treatment decisions
Diagnostic challenges
Treatment decisions
Mechanisms of pathogenesis
Treatment optimization
Precision medicine and personalized approaches
Health disparities and social determinants
Global perspectives and collaborative research
Multi-disciplinary care and management
Future directions and research
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Glossary.
Chapter 3: Neuropsychiatric complications among elderly people living with HIV
Summary
What you expect to know
Introduction
HIV and neuropathology
HIV and psychoneuroimmunology
Clinical spectrum of neuropsychiatric complications among elderly people living with HIV
Classification and diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) phenotypes
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the nervous system (NeuroIRIS)
NeuroAIDS
Depressive spectrum disorder
Mania
Anxiety
Psychotic disorders
Late HIV diagnosis
Treatment of neuropsychiatric complications among elderly patients with HIV
Tricyclic anti-depressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Newer anti-depressant agents
The way ahead
Acknowledgment
References
Glossary
Chapter 4: Epidemiology of neuropsychiatric complications in HIV
Summary
What you expect to know
Introduction
The multi-dimensional nexus of HIV and neuropsychiatric phenomena
HIV and the brain: A molecular odyssey
Genetic and environmental influences on cognitive risks in HIV
Challenges and impact: Unmasking disparities in neuropsychiatric burden
Unveiling gender disparities in HIV-related neuropsychiatric challenges
Mechanisms and strategies: Paving the road to precision interventions
Anti-retroviral therapy: A symphony of protection for cognitive function
Unveiling prevalence: Charting cognitive landscapes in the context of HIV
Navigating early shores: Early detection, strategic interventions, and beyond
Epilogue: Fusing scientific insight with compassionate care
Conclusion
Questions
References
Further reading
Glossary
Chapter 5: Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) genes in n
Summary
Introduction.
HIV-related proteins
Tropism of HIV infection
HIV and neurotoxicity
Pathogenesis of neuro-HIV
Development of neuro-HIV
Role of HIV-1 Tat protein in neurodegeneration
Diagnosis of dementia
HIV-associated dementia
HIV-1-associated neurological dementia
Genetic factors
Matrix metalloproteinases
Structure of MMPs
Classification of MMPs
Genetic variation in MMPs
TIMPs
The association between MMPs, TIMPs, and HAND
Genetic variation in MMPs and TIMPs genes and HAND
Therapy
Forthcoming prospective
Prospect suggestions
Acknowledgment
References
Further readings
Glossary
Chapter 6: Genetics and epigenetics of NeuroAIDS
Summary
Introduction
Genetic susceptibility to NeuroAIDS
Immune-related genes
CCR5 gene (C-C chemokine receptor type 5)
Genes encoding monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2)
CCL3 gene
Apolipoprotein Epsilon 4 allele (APOE4)
Dopamine-related genes
NeuroAIDS epigenetic studies
DNA methylation
Histone modification
miRNA regulation
Role of iron-mediated mitochondrial dysmetabolism in neuroHIV/AIDS patients
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in HAND
HIV-associated neural tube defects in children
WWW
Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Further readings
Glossary
Chapter 7: Dementia and HIV infection
Summary
What you expect to know
A brief history and current diagnostic nomenclature of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
Clinical manifestations and cognitive profile of dementia
Diagnosis of HAD
Screening tests for HAD
Extensive neuropsychological testing
The role of comorbidities in HAD
Diagnostic procedures and workup
Differential diagnosis of HAD
Treatment of HAD
Conclusions
Questions
References
Further reading.
Chapter 8: BBB and neuroinflammation
Summary
Introduction
BBB and its protective role
BBB and its role in neuroinflammation
Components of BBB
Endothelial cells
Pericytes
Astrocytes
Therapeutics in neuroinflammation
Factors responsible for changing blood-brain barrier function: Development
Nutrition
Hypoxia
Temperature
Social and psychological stress
Environmental pollution
Effects of aging on blood-brain barrier
Diseases and blood-brain barrier
Alzheimer's disease and blood brain barrier
Multiple sclerosis and blood-brain barrier
Traumatic brain injury and blood-brain barrier
Ischemic stroke and blood-brain barrier
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Glossary
Chapter 9: Neurological manifestations and neuropharmacology of HIV/AIDS
Summary
Introduction
Neurological manifestation due to HIV
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
Neuropathogenesis of HAND
Clinical features
Aseptic meningitis
Cerebrovascular disease
Vacuolar myelopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Myopathy
Neuropharmacology of anti-retroviral drugs
Neuropenetrance of anti-retroviral drugs
CNS toxicity of ART
NRTIs
NNRTIs
PIs
INSTIs
Entry inhibitors
Recent advances
Nano-ART
Conclusion
Essay-type questions
Short answer questions
World wide web resources
References
Glossary
Chapter 10: Traumatic brain injury: An emerging threat for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
Summary
Introduction
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
HIV proteins, neuroinflammation, and HAND
Aberrant neuronal signaling pathways associated with HAND
Potential risk factors for HAND
Traumatic brain injury as a potential co-morbidity in HIV patients and emerging risk factor for neurocognitive disorder.
Mice models to study the impact of TBI and HIV infection to brain
TBI models
CCI model
CHI model
FPI model
BI model
Mice models for HIV infection in the brain
Conclusion and future perspective
Questions
World wide web resources
References
Glossary
Chapter 11: Drosophila as a model to study NeuroHIV: Insights from sleep function
Summary
Introduction
Drosophila as model systems for HIV disease
Strengths of Drosophila as a general research model
Sleep disturbances and HIV infection
Sleep in the Drosophila immune system and potential applications for NeuroHIV
NEMURI linking sleep and immune function
Tob signaling in sleep regulation and its potential role in immune system
Draper signaling in sleep-related neuroprotection
Limitations of using Drosophila as a model for NeuroHIV
Conclusion
Questions
World wide web resources
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Human immunodeficiency virus and antibodies: Catch 22
Summary
Introduction
Epitope accessibility by bnAbs
Neutralization breadth predictors/parameters
Broadly neutralizing antibodies from infants/children: A platform for potent neutralizers
Elucidation of molecular pathways in attaining neutralization breadth
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies in clinical development/trial
A glimpse at the history of bnAb development and their clinical utility
Ongoing clinical trials of bnAbs
Why bnAb combinations are preferred over their individual administration?
Antibody engineering: New hope for future as HIV therapeutics
Conclusion
Questions
References
Further reading
Chapter 13: Elite neutralizers: An open eye for HIV vaccine development
Summary
Introduction
Influence of viral diversification on bnAb selection.