Designing advanced respiratory protective devices for pandemics : performance, mechanism and future perspectives /

Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics: Performance, Mechanism and Future Perspectives identifies emerging and critical issues that directly or indirectly influence the protective performance of Respiratory Protective Devices (RPDs), along with important future research dire...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Song, Guowen (Editor), Li, Rui (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, [2025]
Series:	The Textile Institute Book Series
Subjects:	Respirators (Medical equipment) > Design. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics
The Textile Institute Book Series
Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
1
The respiratory defense system and physiological effects of mask wearing
1.1 Structural and immune defenses of the respiratory system
1.1.1 Nasopharynx
1.1.2 Conducting airways
1.1.3 Gas exchange region
1.2 Gas transport and particle deposition
1.2.1 Particle size and deposition during inhalation
1.2.2 Effects of quiet breathing, coughing, and sneezing on particle exhalation
1.2.3 Efficacy of mask material in preventing pathogen droplet transmission
1.3 Human factors influencing the efficacy of mask wearing
1.3.1 Exercise
1.3.2 Comfort and adherence
1.3.3 Considerations for prolonged use
1.4 Conclusions
References
2
Purpose and performance of respiratory protective devices in a pandemic
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of respiratory protective devices
2.2.1 Early developments
2.2.2 Technological advancements and RPD developments
2.2.2.1 Respirator developments
2.2.2.2 Face mask developments
2.2.3 The role of RPDs in recent pandemics
2.3 Categories and classifications of respiratory protective devices
2.3.1 Definitions and basic differences
2.3.2 Respirators
2.3.2.1 Air supplying respirators
2.3.2.2 Air purifying respirators
Filtering facepiece respirators
Elastomeric respirators
Powered air purifying respirators
2.3.3 Face masks
2.3.3.1 Surgical and medical masks
2.3.3.2 Cloth masks and other face coverings
2.3.4 Proper selection and use of RPDs
2.4 Performance requirements and specifications of respiratory protective devices
2.4.1 Standards and guidelines from regulatory bodies.
2.4.2 Specific requirements and specifications for different types of RPDs
2.4.3 Key factors affecting RPD filtration efficiency
2.5 Key issues revealed in actual usage of respiratory protective devices
2.5.1 Fit requirement and concerns
2.5.2 Discomfort concerns
2.5.2.1 Breathing resistance and air exchange
2.5.2.2 Thermal, moisture, and physical discomfort
2.5.3 Special user groups and vulnerable population
2.5.3.1 Healthcare workers
2.5.3.2 Children and the elderly
2.5.4 Environmental impact and sustainability issue
2.6 Conclusion
References
3
Respiratory protective device testing standards and hazards and human physiology laboratory simulations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Respiratory protective device testing standards
3.2.1 Specifications and testing methods comparisons
3.2.1.1 Filtering facepiece respirator specifications and testing methods
Particulate filter efficiency testing
Breathing resistance testing
Exhalation valve leakage testing
Other tests
3.2.1.2 Surgical/medical mask specifications and testing methods
Bacterial filtration efficiency
Particle filtration efficiency
Fluid resistance
Breathability
Flammability
Viral filtration efficiency
Other tests
3.2.1.3 Comparison of FFR and surgical mask testing methods
3.2.2 Issues and concerns of current testing methods
3.3 Simulating hazards and human physiology for RPD evaluation
3.3.1 Methods for simulating hazards
3.3.2 Methods for simulating human behavior and physiology
3.3.2.1 Breathing simulation
3.3.2.2 Cough and sneeze simulation
3.3.3 Challenges and limitations in laboratory simulation
3.4 Conclusion
References
4
Evaluation of the performance of respiratory protective devices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of respiratory protective devices.
4.3 Effectiveness of RPDs
4.4 Comfort and fit testing
4.4.1 Comfort of RPDs and comfort testing
4.4.1.1 Wear trials
4.4.2 Fit testing
4.4.2.1 Qualitative fit testing
Saccharin test
Irritant smoke (stannic chloride) test
Merits and limitations of qualitative fit testing
4.4.2.2 Quantitative fit testing
Merits and limitations of quantitative fit testing
Further comments on fit testing
4.5 Respiratory protection effectiveness clinical trial
4.6 Usability and functionality assessment of RPDs
4.7 Future perspectives
4.8 Concluding remarks
References
5
Respiratory protective device: Protection mechanisms, filtration efficiency, and associated modeling and predic ...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Protection mechanisms
5.3 Filtration efficiency and influencing factors
5.4 Associated modeling and prediction
5.4.1 Modeling of fluid flow (continuous phase)
5.4.1.1 Modeling of the turbulent flow
5.4.1.2 Fluid flow through RPDs (porous structure)
5.4.2 Modeling of particles (discrete phase)
5.4.2.1 Modeling of particle movement
5.4.2.2 Modeling of heat and mass transfer between particle and surrounding air
5.5 Advances in the modeling approach
5.5.1 Future work
5.6 Summary
References
6
COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of healthcare workers across the world
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Challenges faced by global healthcare system due to the pandemic
6.3 COVID-19 and its effect on mental health of healthcare workers
6.3.1 Risk factors for the development of mental health issues in healthcare workers in the COVID-19 era
6.3.1.1 Socio-demographic variables
6.3.1.2 Psychosocial risk factors
6.3.1.3 COVID-19-related stress
6.3.2 Stress in general public versus frontline health workers.
6.3.3 Protective factors in preventing mental health adversities in HCWs in the COVID-19 era
6.4 Mental health issues in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic
6.5 Psychosocial assessment in times of COVID-19
6.6 Conclusion
References
7
Respiratory protective device challenges: Reuse and decontamination
7.1 Introduction
7.2 RPD supply and waste issues
7.2.1 Limited supply
7.2.2 Environmental effect of PPE waste
7.2.3 The health issue of PPE waste
7.3 Virus stability
7.4 Reuse strategies for RPD shortage
7.5 RPD decontamination
7.5.1 Decontamination criteria
7.5.2 Decontamination methods
7.5.2.1 Energetic method
7.5.2.2 Chemical method
7.5.3 Decontamination on RPD integrity
7.6 Summary
References
8
RPD fitting characteristics. The emerging but negligent issues influencing optimal respiratory protection in pa ...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Respiratory protection program
8.3 Respirator fit testing
8.4 Factors influencing the respirator fit testing
8.4.1 Subject characteristics
8.4.2 Respirator features
8.5 Fit test protocols
8.5.1 Fit test operators' qualifications
8.5.2 Principles of qualitative fit testing protocols
8.6 Taste-threshold screening
8.6.1 Bitrex fit test protocol
8.6.2 Sodium Saccharin fit test agent
8.6.3 Synthetic fit test agents
8.6.4 Aloe Vera fit test agent
8.6.5 Fit test nebulizer
8.7 Users seal checks (USCs)
8.8 Qualitative fit testing protocols
8.8.1 Taste-based fit test protocols
8.8.2 Odor-based fit test protocol
8.8.2.1 Isoamyl Acetate fit test
Stannic chloride fit test protocol
8.9 Quantitative fit test protocols
8.9.1 Generated aerosol fit test protocol
8.9.2 Condensation nuclei counter (CNC) fit test protocol
8.9.3 Controlled negative pressure (CNP) fit test protocol.
8.10 Validation of new qualitative fit test
8.11 Strategies for optimizing/improvising the respirator fitting characteristics
8.11.1 Skin barriers or dressings
8.11.2 3D-printed costume frame
8.11.3 Adhesive tape or medical tape
8.11.4 Double masking
8.11.5 Cloth over facial hair
8.12 Conclusion
References
9
Face masks in context: Ambiguities, anxieties, and asymmetries in COVID times
9.1 Interdisciplinary, contextual model for face masks
9.1.1 Global economy and environment
9.1.2 Discourses of science, fashion, and politics
9.1.3 Social and cultural psychology of clothing
9.1.4 Face-mask interface
9.2 Cross-cutting themes using the contextual model
9.2.1 Comfort, control, and compliance
9.2.2 Identities, nonidentities, and intersectionalities
9.2.3 Care of the self, others, and the environment
9.3 Conclusions
References
10
Photo-activated antibacterial and antiviral materials for facemask and filtering facepiece respirator applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Antibacterial and antiviral function
10.3 Photoexcitation process and photoreactions of metal oxides
10.4 Photoexcitation, type I, and type II photoreactions of organic agents
10.5 Organic photoactive agents and antimicrobial applications
10.6 Photoactive vitamin derivatives and biocidal functions
10.7 Conclusions
References
11
Material perspectives for respiratory protection revolution: Application of nanomaterials
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Respiratory protection in occupational exposure
11.1.2 Respiratory protection in environmental air pollution
11.1.3 Respiratory protection in pandemics
11.1.4 Benefits of application of new materials in RPE
11.2 Face mask for respiratory protection
11.3 Metal-based nanomaterials
11.3.1 Silver-based antiviral nanoparticles.