http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Designing advanced respiratory protective devices for pandemics
performance, mechanism and future perspectives
Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics: Performance, Mechanism and Future Perspectives identifies emerging and critical issues that directly or indirectly influence the protective performance of Respiratory Protective Devices (RPDs), along with important future research directions. The severity of the COVID-19 pandemic emphasizes the vital role of respiratory protection provided by PPE (and RPD) in novel infectious respiratory disease control. A wealth of recent research on coronavirus mitigation measures is combined with prior information on infectious diseases, RPDs, and human physiological and psychological responses to make this a fundamental resource on recent advances, innovative perspectives on respiratory protection, and new applications. The effectiveness of such disease control measures rely greatly on the performance of the RPD, user compliance, and proper use. Only an interdisciplinary approach to this issue can lead to success.
Front Cover -- Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics -- The Textile Institute Book Series -- Designing Advanced Respiratory Protective Devices for Pandemics -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 -- The respiratory defense system and physiological effects of mask wearing -- 1.1 Structural and immune defenses of the respiratory system -- 1.1.1 Nasopharynx -- 1.1.2 Conducting airways -- 1.1.3 Gas exchange region -- 1.2 Gas transport and particle deposition -- 1.2.1 Particle size and deposition during inhalation -- 1.2.2 Effects of quiet breathing, coughing, and sneezing on particle exhalation -- 1.2.3 Efficacy of mask material in preventing pathogen droplet transmission -- 1.3 Human factors influencing the efficacy of mask wearing -- 1.3.1 Exercise -- 1.3.2 Comfort and adherence -- 1.3.3 Considerations for prolonged use -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Purpose and performance of respiratory protective devices in a pandemic -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 History of respiratory protective devices -- 2.2.1 Early developments -- 2.2.2 Technological advancements and RPD developments -- 2.2.2.1 Respirator developments -- 2.2.2.2 Face mask developments -- 2.2.3 The role of RPDs in recent pandemics -- 2.3 Categories and classifications of respiratory protective devices -- 2.3.1 Definitions and basic differences -- 2.3.2 Respirators -- 2.3.2.1 Air supplying respirators -- 2.3.2.2 Air purifying respirators -- Filtering facepiece respirators -- Elastomeric respirators -- Powered air purifying respirators -- 2.3.3 Face masks -- 2.3.3.1 Surgical and medical masks -- 2.3.3.2 Cloth masks and other face coverings -- 2.3.4 Proper selection and use of RPDs -- 2.4 Performance requirements and specifications of respiratory protective devices -- 2.4.1 Standards and guidelines from regulatory bodies.
2.4.2 Specific requirements and specifications for different types of RPDs -- 2.4.3 Key factors affecting RPD filtration efficiency -- 2.5 Key issues revealed in actual usage of respiratory protective devices -- 2.5.1 Fit requirement and concerns -- 2.5.2 Discomfort concerns -- 2.5.2.1 Breathing resistance and air exchange -- 2.5.2.2 Thermal, moisture, and physical discomfort -- 2.5.3 Special user groups and vulnerable population -- 2.5.3.1 Healthcare workers -- 2.5.3.2 Children and the elderly -- 2.5.4 Environmental impact and sustainability issue -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Respiratory protective device testing standards and hazards and human physiology laboratory simulations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Respiratory protective device testing standards -- 3.2.1 Specifications and testing methods comparisons -- 3.2.1.1 Filtering facepiece respirator specifications and testing methods -- Particulate filter efficiency testing -- Breathing resistance testing -- Exhalation valve leakage testing -- Other tests -- 3.2.1.2 Surgical/medical mask specifications and testing methods -- Bacterial filtration efficiency -- Particle filtration efficiency -- Fluid resistance -- Breathability -- Flammability -- Viral filtration efficiency -- Other tests -- 3.2.1.3 Comparison of FFR and surgical mask testing methods -- 3.2.2 Issues and concerns of current testing methods -- 3.3 Simulating hazards and human physiology for RPD evaluation -- 3.3.1 Methods for simulating hazards -- 3.3.2 Methods for simulating human behavior and physiology -- 3.3.2.1 Breathing simulation -- 3.3.2.2 Cough and sneeze simulation -- 3.3.3 Challenges and limitations in laboratory simulation -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Evaluation of the performance of respiratory protective devices -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of respiratory protective devices.
4.3 Effectiveness of RPDs -- 4.4 Comfort and fit testing -- 4.4.1 Comfort of RPDs and comfort testing -- 4.4.1.1 Wear trials -- 4.4.2 Fit testing -- 4.4.2.1 Qualitative fit testing -- Saccharin test -- Irritant smoke (stannic chloride) test -- Merits and limitations of qualitative fit testing -- 4.4.2.2 Quantitative fit testing -- Merits and limitations of quantitative fit testing -- Further comments on fit testing -- 4.5 Respiratory protection effectiveness clinical trial -- 4.6 Usability and functionality assessment of RPDs -- 4.7 Future perspectives -- 4.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- 5 -- Respiratory protective device: Protection mechanisms, filtration efficiency, and associated modeling and predic ... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Protection mechanisms -- 5.3 Filtration efficiency and influencing factors -- 5.4 Associated modeling and prediction -- 5.4.1 Modeling of fluid flow (continuous phase) -- 5.4.1.1 Modeling of the turbulent flow -- 5.4.1.2 Fluid flow through RPDs (porous structure) -- 5.4.2 Modeling of particles (discrete phase) -- 5.4.2.1 Modeling of particle movement -- 5.4.2.2 Modeling of heat and mass transfer between particle and surrounding air -- 5.5 Advances in the modeling approach -- 5.5.1 Future work -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 -- COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of healthcare workers across the world -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Challenges faced by global healthcare system due to the pandemic -- 6.3 COVID-19 and its effect on mental health of healthcare workers -- 6.3.1 Risk factors for the development of mental health issues in healthcare workers in the COVID-19 era -- 6.3.1.1 Socio-demographic variables -- 6.3.1.2 Psychosocial risk factors -- 6.3.1.3 COVID-19-related stress -- 6.3.2 Stress in general public versus frontline health workers.
6.3.3 Protective factors in preventing mental health adversities in HCWs in the COVID-19 era -- 6.4 Mental health issues in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic -- 6.5 Psychosocial assessment in times of COVID-19 -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Respiratory protective device challenges: Reuse and decontamination -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 RPD supply and waste issues -- 7.2.1 Limited supply -- 7.2.2 Environmental effect of PPE waste -- 7.2.3 The health issue of PPE waste -- 7.3 Virus stability -- 7.4 Reuse strategies for RPD shortage -- 7.5 RPD decontamination -- 7.5.1 Decontamination criteria -- 7.5.2 Decontamination methods -- 7.5.2.1 Energetic method -- 7.5.2.2 Chemical method -- 7.5.3 Decontamination on RPD integrity -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- 8 -- RPD fitting characteristics. The emerging but negligent issues influencing optimal respiratory protection in pa ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Respiratory protection program -- 8.3 Respirator fit testing -- 8.4 Factors influencing the respirator fit testing -- 8.4.1 Subject characteristics -- 8.4.2 Respirator features -- 8.5 Fit test protocols -- 8.5.1 Fit test operators' qualifications -- 8.5.2 Principles of qualitative fit testing protocols -- 8.6 Taste-threshold screening -- 8.6.1 Bitrex fit test protocol -- 8.6.2 Sodium Saccharin fit test agent -- 8.6.3 Synthetic fit test agents -- 8.6.4 Aloe Vera fit test agent -- 8.6.5 Fit test nebulizer -- 8.7 Users seal checks (USCs) -- 8.8 Qualitative fit testing protocols -- 8.8.1 Taste-based fit test protocols -- 8.8.2 Odor-based fit test protocol -- 8.8.2.1 Isoamyl Acetate fit test -- Stannic chloride fit test protocol -- 8.9 Quantitative fit test protocols -- 8.9.1 Generated aerosol fit test protocol -- 8.9.2 Condensation nuclei counter (CNC) fit test protocol -- 8.9.3 Controlled negative pressure (CNP) fit test protocol.
8.10 Validation of new qualitative fit test -- 8.11 Strategies for optimizing/improvising the respirator fitting characteristics -- 8.11.1 Skin barriers or dressings -- 8.11.2 3D-printed costume frame -- 8.11.3 Adhesive tape or medical tape -- 8.11.4 Double masking -- 8.11.5 Cloth over facial hair -- 8.12 Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Face masks in context: Ambiguities, anxieties, and asymmetries in COVID times -- 9.1 Interdisciplinary, contextual model for face masks -- 9.1.1 Global economy and environment -- 9.1.2 Discourses of science, fashion, and politics -- 9.1.3 Social and cultural psychology of clothing -- 9.1.4 Face-mask interface -- 9.2 Cross-cutting themes using the contextual model -- 9.2.1 Comfort, control, and compliance -- 9.2.2 Identities, nonidentities, and intersectionalities -- 9.2.3 Care of the self, others, and the environment -- 9.3 Conclusions -- References -- 10 -- Photo-activated antibacterial and antiviral materials for facemask and filtering facepiece respirator applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Antibacterial and antiviral function -- 10.3 Photoexcitation process and photoreactions of metal oxides -- 10.4 Photoexcitation, type I, and type II photoreactions of organic agents -- 10.5 Organic photoactive agents and antimicrobial applications -- 10.6 Photoactive vitamin derivatives and biocidal functions -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11 -- Material perspectives for respiratory protection revolution: Application of nanomaterials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Respiratory protection in occupational exposure -- 11.1.2 Respiratory protection in environmental air pollution -- 11.1.3 Respiratory protection in pandemics -- 11.1.4 Benefits of application of new materials in RPE -- 11.2 Face mask for respiratory protection -- 11.3 Metal-based nanomaterials -- 11.3.1 Silver-based antiviral nanoparticles.