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Hormones and reproduction of vertebrates. Volume 5, Mammals /

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Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 5: Mammals is the fifth of five second-edition volumes representing a comprehensive and integrated overview of hormones and reproduction in fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The book includes coverage of endocrinology, neuroendocrinolo...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Norris, David O. (Editor), Lopez, Kristin H. (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: London, United Kingdom : Academic Press, 2024.
Edition:Second edition.
Subjects:
Mammals > Reproduction.
Hormones, Sex.
Fishes.
Cell receptors.
Mammifères > Reproduction.
Hormones sexuelles.
Poissons.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 5: Mammals
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface to the series
  • Preface to Volume 5: Mammals
  • Chapter 1: Sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Historical Overview
  • 3. The Essential Role of Steroid Hormones
  • 3.1. Phoenix, Goy, Gerall and Young 1959
  • 3.2. Masculinization, feminization, and defeminization of rodent brain and behavior
  • 3.3. Critical and sensitive periods
  • 3.4. Steroid action
  • 3.5. The role of aromatization
  • 3.6. Transcriptomics of brain masculinization
  • 4. Crossing the Divide From Development to Adulthood
  • 4.1. Cell death and proliferation
  • 4.1.1. The SDN set the stage for differential cell death as the dominant mechanism
  • 4.1.2. There is a critical role for non-neuronal cells in SDN differentiation
  • 4.1.3. Understanding mechanism revealed the function of the SDN
  • 4.1.4. Other reproductively relevant nuclei are also differentiated by cell death
  • 4.2. Cell proliferation
  • 4.2.1. More cells proliferate in the newborn male hippocampus
  • 4.2.2. Microglia mediate a sex difference in the number of astrocytes in the medial amygdala (mAMG)
  • 4.3. Wiring
  • 4.3.1. Projections between hypothalamic regions regulate later reproductive function
  • 4.3.2. Microglia promote synaptogenesis via cell-to-cell communication
  • 4.4. Epigenetics
  • 5. Sex Chromosome Complement and Brain Development
  • 6. The Nature and Meaning of Sex Differences in the Brain
  • 6.1. Context matters to the outcomes of brain sexual differentiation
  • 6.2. Sex and gender are not the same but they are entwined
  • 6.3. Sex and gender are sources of vulnerability and resilience
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropins in mammals
  • 1. Hypothalamic Control of Gonadotropins.
  • 1.1. Discovery of the hypothalamic-releasing hormones
  • 1.2. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron development
  • 1.2.1. Embryonic origins
  • 1.2.2. Cell fate specification
  • 1.2.3. Neuronal migration
  • 1.2.4. Axonal targeting
  • 1.3. GnRH peptide is structurally conserved
  • 1.4. Regulation of GnRH gene expression
  • 1.5. GnRH release is pulsatile
  • 2. The Organization of the Mammalian Pituitary Gland
  • 2.1. The hypophysial portal system
  • 2.2. Gonadotropic cells: GnRH receptors
  • 2.2.1. GnRH receptor structure
  • 2.2.2. GnRH receptor regulation in gonadotropes
  • 2.2.3. GnRH receptor signaling in gonadotropes
  • 3. Introduction to Gonadotropins
  • 3.1. LH and FSH physiological functions
  • 3.2. Intracellular trafficking of LH and FSH
  • 3.3. GnRH pulsatility differentially regulates LH and FSH
  • 4. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Endocrine and paracrine regulation of mammalian spermatogenesis
  • 1. Overview of Spermatogenesis and Its Regulation
  • 2. Endocrine Regulation of Spermatogenesis
  • 2.1. Testosterone
  • 2.2. FSH
  • 3. Paracrine Regulation of Spermatogenesis
  • 3.1. Stem spermatogonia
  • 3.2. Sertoli cell function: Regulation by germ cells
  • 4. Future Directions
  • 4.1. Hormone-based contraception in males
  • 4.2. Male infertility
  • 4.3. Hypogonadism
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Endocrinology of the mammalian ovary
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Embryogenesis of the Ovary
  • 2.1. Oogenesis
  • 2.2. Folliculogenesis
  • 2.2.1. Ovarian steroidogenesis
  • 2.3. Sexual maturation/puberty
  • 3. The Ovarian Cycle
  • 3.1. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
  • 3.2. Ovulation
  • 3.3. The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
  • 4. Ovarian Lifespan and Reproductive Aging
  • 5. Ovarian Events and Reproductive Cycles of Selected Mammals
  • 5.1. The 4-day cycling rat
  • 5.2. The ewe
  • 5.3. Women
  • 5.4. The elephant.
  • 6. Future Research Needs
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Evolution of viviparity
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Reproductive Modes
  • 3. Taxonomic Distribution of Viviparity
  • 3.1. Invertebrates
  • 3.2. Examples of viviparity in extinct taxa
  • 3.3. Chondrichthyes
  • 3.4. Actinopterygii (teleostei)
  • 3.5. Coelacanthiformes
  • 3.6. Lissamphibia
  • 3.7. Squamata
  • 3.8. Mammalia
  • 4. Why Does Viviparity Evolve?
  • 4.1. Costs and benefits of oviparity and viviparity
  • 4.2. Hypotheses for the transition from oviparity to viviparity
  • 4.2.1. Cold climate hypothesis (Squamata)
  • 4.2.2. Hypoxia hypothesis (Squamata)
  • 4.2.3. Maternal manipulation hypothesis (Squamata)
  • 4.2.4. Selfish mothers (Squamata, but broadly applicable)
  • 4.2.5. Environmental predictability (Squamata, but broadly applicable)
  • 4.2.6. Nest availability/dry-climate hypothesis (amphibians, invertebrates, squamates)
  • 4.2.7. Predation (fishes, squamates, but broadly applicable)
  • 4.3. Evolution of matrotrophic viviparity
  • 4.3.1. Resource-allocation hypothesis (fishes, squamates)
  • 4.3.2. Locomotor-cost hypothesis (fishes, squamates)
  • 4.3.3. Conflict-driven hypothesis (all taxa)
  • 4.4. Can ``reversals´´ to oviparity occur?
  • 4.4.1. Evidence for reversals to oviparity in vertebrates
  • 5. Physiological Changes Associated With Viviparity and Requirements for Embryonic Development
  • 5.1. Internal fertilization
  • 5.2. Increasing duration of egg retention
  • 5.3. Respiratory gas exchange
  • 5.3.1. Reduction in egg coverings
  • 5.3.2. Maternal tissue remodeling
  • 5.3.3. Modifications of embryonic biochemistry and morphology
  • 5.3.4. Behavioral adaptations
  • 5.4. Maternal-embryonic nutrient transport
  • 5.4.1. Histotrophy/histophagy
  • 5.4.2. Oophagy
  • 5.4.3. Embryophagy
  • 5.4.4. Matrophagy
  • 5.4.5. Placentotrophy
  • 5.5. Immune regulation
  • 6. Conclusion
  • References.
  • Chapter 6: Hormones and pregnancy in eutherian mammals
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The Generalized Mammalian Pregnancy
  • 2.1. The major endocrine organs of gestation: The ovary, the uterus, and the placenta
  • 2.2. The major hormones of pregnancy
  • 2.2.1. Sex steroids (progestogens and estrogens)
  • 2.2.2. Relaxin
  • 2.2.3. Placental lactogens
  • 2.3. Putting the pieces together: Gestation as a dynamic physiological state
  • 2.4. A note on pseudo-pregnancy
  • 3. Comparative Endocrinology of Pregnancy in Eutherian Mammals
  • 3.1. Primates
  • 3.2. Rodentia
  • 3.3. Lagomorpha
  • 3.4. Cetartiodactyla
  • 3.5. Perissodactyla
  • 3.6. Carnivora
  • 3.7. Chiroptera
  • 3.8. Eulipotyphla
  • 3.9. Afrotheria
  • 3.10. The understudied groups
  • 3.10.1. Dermoptera
  • 3.10.2. Scandentia
  • 3.10.3. Pholidota
  • 3.10.4. Xenarthra
  • 4. Future Directions and Opportunities
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Hormones and the comparative physiology of parturition in mammals
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. What Determines Gestation Length?
  • 3. How Are Fetal Maturation and Parturition Synchronized?
  • 4. How Does the Fetus Signal the Initiation of Labor?
  • 4.1. A more complicated case: The corpus luteum-dependent species
  • 4.2. The role of the fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the initiation of parturition
  • 4.3. Signals from the fetal lungs
  • 5. How Are the Uterotonic Mechanisms Activated?
  • 5.1. The sex steroids: Progesterone (P4) and estrogens
  • 5.2. Inflammatory mediators: Prostaglandins (PGs) and cytokines
  • 5.3. Oxytocin (OXY)
  • 5.4. Electrical conductivity of the myometrium
  • 6. Conclusions
  • References
  • Supplemental references from the Editors
  • Chapter 8: Hormones and lactation in mammals
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Lactation Across Mammalia: Origins and Diversity
  • 2.1. Evolutionary origins of lactation.
  • 2.2. Evolution of hormones associated with lactation
  • 2.3. Diversity of lactation strategies
  • 2.4. Capital versus income breeding
  • 2.5. Male lactation
  • 3. Integrative Organismal Physiology of Lactation
  • 3.1. Energetics of lactation
  • 3.1.1. The energetic demands of supporting lactation
  • 3.1.2. Constraints on milk synthesis
  • 3.2. Lactation as a performance trait
  • 3.3. Effects of lactation on other body systems
  • 4. Mammary Anatomy
  • 4.1. Variation in external anatomy
  • 4.2. Organization, tissues, and cells
  • 4.3. Milk components and biosynthesis
  • 5. Mammary Physiology
  • 5.1. Mammogenesis
  • 5.1.1. Embryonic and fetal mammogenesis
  • 5.1.2. Prepubertal and pubertal mammogenesis
  • 5.1.3. Mammogenesis during gestation
  • 5.1.4. Mammogenesis during lactation
  • 5.2. Lactogenesis
  • 5.3. Galactopoiesis
  • 5.4. Milk ejection
  • 5.5. Lactation curves and mammary gland involution
  • 6. Maternal Effects and Lactation
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Stress and reproduction in mammals
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Stress
  • 2.1. What is stress?
  • 2.2. Is stress ``bad´´?
  • 2.3. How do we operationalize stress?
  • 2.3.1. Levels of analysis
  • 2.3.2. Stress mediators
  • 3. The HPA Axis and the Glucocorticoids
  • 3.1. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
  • 3.2. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors
  • 4. Reproduction-Scope and Point of View
  • 4.1. Sex and reproduction in mammals
  • 5. The Stress and Reproduction Relationship-Existing Frameworks
  • 5.1. How does stress relate to reproduction?
  • 5.2. What does the HPA axis have to do with female reproduction?
  • 5.3. What does the HPA axis have to do with male reproduction?
  • 5.4. Stress and reproductive hypotheses
  • 6. Stress and Reproduction-Outstanding Questions
  • 7. Tackling Stress and Reproduction Questions-Considerations for Experimental Design and Methodology.