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Microbial biostimulants for plant growth and abiotic stress amelioration
This book explores the application and benefits of microbial biostimulants in plant growth and the mitigation of abiotic stress. Edited by Puneet Singh Chauhan, Nikita Bisht, and Renuka Agarwal, it compiles contributions from researchers discussing various microbial technologies and their role in sustainable agriculture. Key topics include the use of fungi and bacteria as biostimulants, microbial endophytes, soil microbiomes, and the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The book aims to provide insights into improving crop resilience and productivity through microbial interventions, targeting an audience of agricultural scientists, researchers, and practitioners interested in plant sciences and sustainable farming practices.
Front Cover -- Microbial Biostimulants for Plant Growth and Abiotic Stress Amelioration -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- 1 Microbial biostimulants in plant sciences -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Microbial biostimulants -- 1.3 Parameters for considering microbial biostimulants -- 1.4 The significance of microbial-derived plant biostimulants in disease tolerance (abiotic stress) -- 1.4.1 Heat stress -- 1.4.2 Cold stress -- 1.4.3 Salinity and drought stress -- 1.4.4 Massive rainfall, flooding, and water sapping -- 1.4.5 Heavy metal stress -- 1.4.6 Role of PGPR-based biostimulants in disease tolerance (biotic stress) -- 1.5 Advantages of biostimulants -- 1.6 Application of microbial biostimulants: drawbacks and future prospects -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Fungi and bacteria as biostimulants for sustainable agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The salubrious effects of microbial biostimulants for sustainable agriculture -- 2.3 Significance of bacterial biostimulants in crop improvement -- 2.4 Significance of fungal biostimulants in crop improvement -- 2.5 Significance of co-inoculation of fungal and bacterial strains as biostimulants for crop improvement -- 2.6 Microbial biostimulants and their mechanisms in plant growth promotion -- 2.7 Conclusions and future outlook -- References -- 3 Microbial endophytes as biostimulant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What an endophyte is? -- 3.3 Types of microbial endophyte -- 3.4 Endophytes: isolation and source identification -- 3.5 Effects of microbial endophytes -- 3.6 Capability of endophytes to produce bioactive compounds -- 3.7 Use of bioinformatics in microbial endophytes -- 3.8 Bacterial endophytes -- 3.9 Nitrogen-fixing bacterial endophytes -- 3.10 Utilization of genetically altered nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.
3.11 Use of bacterial endophytes for soil bioremediation and phytoremediation -- 3.12 Use of bacterial endophytes for biocontrol in agriculture -- 3.13 Fungal endophyte -- 3.14 The importance of the fungal endophytes in plant health -- 3.15 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Soil microbiomes and their role in stress management in plants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Importance of soil -- 4.1.1.1 Ecological functions -- 4.1.1.2 Nonecological functions -- 4.1.2 Soil microbiome and plant health -- 4.1.3 Plant stress -- 4.1.4 How does soil microbiome interaction help in mitigating plant stress? -- 4.2 Soil microbiome community -- 4.3 Abiotic stress management -- 4.3.1 Salinity -- 4.3.2 Drought -- 4.3.3 pH -- 4.3.4 Temperature -- 4.3.5 Nutrient deficiency -- 4.4 Biotic stress management -- 4.4.1 Bacterial infection -- 4.4.2 Fungal infection -- 4.4.3 Viral infection -- 4.5 Climate stress management -- 4.6 Future prospects and conclusions -- References -- 5 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as biostimulant for plant growth and abiotic stress amelioration -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Arbuscular mycorrhiza -- 5.3 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a biofertilizer -- 5.4 AMF and abiotic stress amelioration -- 5.5 Drought -- 5.6 Salinity -- 5.7 Temperature -- 5.8 Heavy metal -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Effect of biostimulants on soil microbial community -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Types -- 6.2.1 Non microbial and microbial derived biostimulants -- 6.2.2 Synthetic biostimulants -- 6.3 Biostimulants in alleviating abiotic stress -- 6.3.1 Water stress -- 6.3.2 Salinity stress -- 6.3.3 Temperature stress -- 6.3.4 Phytopathogens -- 6.4 Changes in native microbial population on biostimulant application -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Beneficial bacteria in regulating drought stress in plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Effect of drought stress on plants.
7.2.1 Effect of drought stress on phytohormones -- 7.2.2 Effect of drought stress on gene expression -- 7.2.3 Effect of drought on plant physiology -- 7.3 Root bacterial communities: a key to sustainable agriculture -- 7.4 Mechanism of root bacterial communities to mitigate drought stress -- 7.4.1 Maintenance of phytohormones -- 7.4.2 Availability of nutrients -- 7.4.3 Osmolyte production -- 7.4.4 Root development -- 7.4.5 Exopolysaccharide production -- 7.4.6 Antioxidant activity -- 7.4.7 Secondary metabolite biosynthesis -- 7.4.8 ACC deaminase production -- 7.5 PGPBs and their symbiont plant -- 7.6 Future possibilities -- References -- 8 Role of bacteria in controlling root system behavior -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plant-PGPR interaction in the rhizosphere -- 8.3 PGPR influences the root development -- 8.4 PGPR alters RSA by influencing the plant hormone -- 8.5 PGPR induced modification in root anatomy -- 8.6 Plant response to quorum-sensing -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Beneficial soil bacteria: a sustainable strategy for enhancing soil fertility -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bacterial ecological habitat and its influence on soil structure and fertility -- 9.3 Role of Actinobacteria in maintaining soil fertility -- 9.4 Role of plant growth promoting bacteria in maintaining soil fertility -- 9.5 Future consideration with strategic efforts in restoring soil fertility -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Beneficial microorganisms for nutrient homeostasis in plants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Microbial facilitation of plant uptake of mineral nutrients -- 10.2.1 Nitrogen (N) -- 10.2.2 Phosphorus (P) -- 10.2.3 Potassium (K) -- 10.2.4 Sulfur (S) -- 10.2.5 Magnesium (Mg) -- 10.2.6 Iron (Fe) -- 10.2.7 Copper (Cu) -- 10.2.8 Manganese (Mn) -- 10.2.9 Zinc (Zn) -- 10.2.10 Molybdenum (Mo) -- 10.2.11 Nickel (Ni) -- 10.2.12 Boron (B).
10.3 Phytohormone in regulating nutrient homeostasis -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Endophytic fungi: perspectives for microbial engineering -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The relationship between plants and microorganisms -- 11.3 Bacterial endophytes -- 11.3.1 The origin of endophytic bacteria -- 11.3.2 How endophytic bacteria enter plant tissues -- 11.3.3 Location of endophytic bacteria (localization) -- 11.3.4 Effective factors on endophytic bacteria -- 11.3.4.1 Biotic factors -- 11.3.4.1.1 Microorganisms associated with plants -- 11.3.4.1.2 Plant genotype -- 11.3.4.1.3 Abiotic factors -- 11.3.5 Beneficial effects of plant endophytic bacteria -- 11.3.5.1 Biological control of plant pathogens -- 11.3.5.2 Plant growth promotion -- 11.4 Fungal endophytes -- 11.4.1 Phylogenetic relationships of fungi -- 11.4.2 Biology, ecology, and taxonomy of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.3 The life cycle of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.4 Distribution of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.5 Hosting domain -- 11.4.6 Identification of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.7 Biodiversity of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.7.1 Clavicipitaceous endophytes (first category) -- 11.4.7.2 Nonclavicipitaceous endophytes -- 11.4.7.3 Endophytes of the second category -- 11.4.7.4 Third category endophytes -- 11.4.7.5 Endophytes of the fourth category -- 11.4.8 Important groups of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.8.1 Endophytes in herbaceous plants that can be transmitted through seeds -- 11.4.8.2 Endophytic fungi present in wood tissue -- 11.4.8.3 Root endophytic fungi -- 11.4.8.4 Endophytic fungi present in abnormal host tissues -- 11.4.8.4.1 Insect galls -- 11.4.8.4.2 Nematode system -- 11.4.9 Methods of isolation of endophytic fungi -- 11.4.10 Colonization without symptoms as a result of the antagonistic balance between the endophyte and the host plant -- 11.4.11 Specific or nonspecific hosts of endophytic fungi.
11.4.12 Tissues and plant organs where endophytes reside -- 11.4.12.1 Skin endophytes -- 11.4.12.2 Xylotrophic endophytic fungi -- 11.4.12.3 Root endophytic fungi -- 11.4.12.4 Endophytic fungi present in abnormal host tissues -- 11.4.13 Natural compounds produced by endophytic fungi -- 11.4.13.1 Antibiotic compounds -- 11.4.13.2 Antifungal compounds -- 11.4.13.3 Antiviral properties -- 11.4.13.4 Antioxidant compounds -- 11.4.13.5 Anticancer compounds -- 11.4.14 Use and importance of endophytes -- 11.4.15 Some biological effects of endophytic fungi in plants -- 11.4.15.1 Increasing plant growth -- 11.4.15.2 Protection against herbivores -- 11.4.15.3 Protection against insects -- 11.4.15.4 Protection against pathogens -- 11.4.15.5 Tolerance of nonliving stresses -- 11.4.15.6 Improvement of plant biomass -- 11.4.15.7 Microbial metabolites -- 11.4.16 The methods used in tracking endophytic fungi -- 11.4.16.1 Classical method -- 11.4.16.2 Molecular method -- 11.4.17 Challenges ahead in exploiting plant endophytes -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Fluorescent Pseudomonas: Important candidate to mitigate abiotic stress -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plant growth promotion by fluorescent Pseudomonas -- 12.2.1 Phytohormone production -- 12.2.2 Antifungal activity -- 12.2.3 Siderophores -- 12.2.4 Phosphate solubilization -- 12.2.5 Hydrogen cyanide and ammonia -- 12.2.6 Lytic enzymes -- 12.3 Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- 13 Beneficial bacteria and fungi and biofortification of crop plants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Mechanism of microbes-mediated iron biofortification -- 13.3 Mechanism of microbes-mediated zinc biofortification -- 13.4 Microbes-mediated selenium biofortification in crops -- 13.5 Plant growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza modulate nutrient transporters.
edited by Puneet Singh Chauhan, Nikita Bisht, Renuka Agarwal.
Biostimulants and Protective Biochemical Agents