Cover Image

Blood-Brain Barrier.

This volume explores the impact of hormones and vitamins on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), emphasizing the role of heavy metals and their neurotoxic effects. It discusses the mechanisms through which heavy metals traverse the BBB, such as receptor-mediated transport and passive diffusion, leading to...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Litwack, Gerald
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2024.
Edition:1st ed.
Series:Vitamins and hormones ; v. 126.
Subjects:
Blood-brain barrier.
Barrière hémato-encéphalique.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • Editorial Board
  • Vitamins and Hormones
  • Copyright
  • Former Editors
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • About the editor
  • Chapter One: Neurotoxic effects of metals on blood brain barrier impairment and possible therapeutic approaches
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Mechanisms by which heavy metals transverse the BBB
  • 2.1 Receptor mediated transcytosis of heavy metals
  • 2.2 Carrier-mediated transport of heavy metals
  • 2.3 Heavy metals entry through gaps in endothelial cells
  • 3 Effect of heavy metals on BBB integrity
  • 3.1 Oxidative stress
  • 3.2 Ion dyshomeostasis
  • 3.3 Tight junction loss
  • 3.4 Astrocyte/pericyte impairment
  • 3.5 Interference of gap junctions (GJ)
  • 3.6 BBB impairment by heavy metal induced ischemic stroke
  • 4 Heavy metals induced neurotoxicity in the brain and its clinical manifestations
  • 5 Potential strategies for alleviating heavy metal induced damage
  • 6 Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter Two: Brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism and its ties to barrier function
  • 1 Introduction and brain microvascular endothelial cell metabolism overview
  • 2 BMEC support brain metabolism
  • 2.1 Neurovascular coupling
  • 2.2 Nutrient transport
  • 2.2.1 Glucose
  • 2.2.2 Lactate
  • 2.2.3 Amino acids
  • 2.2.4 Fatty acids
  • 3 BMEC metabolism impacts barrier integrity and cerebral function
  • 3.1 Glucose
  • 3.2 Glutamate
  • 3.3 Fatty acids
  • 3.4 Oxidative stress
  • 4 In vitro, in vivo, and computational BMEC metabolic measurements and models
  • 4.1 In vitro models
  • 4.2 In vivo models
  • 4.3 Computational metabolic modeling
  • 4.3.1 Steady-state/stoichiometric models
  • 4.3.2 Kinetic and transport models
  • 5 BMEC metabolic dysfunction in aging and disease
  • 5.1 Aging
  • 5.2 Alzheimer's disease
  • 5.3 Multiple sclerosis
  • 5.4 Parkinson's disease
  • 5.5 Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  • 6 Emerging topics.
  • 6.1 Sex differences
  • 6.2 Integrated transport and metabolism
  • 6.3 Computational models
  • 7 Conclusions and key takeaways
  • References
  • Chapter Three: Sleep loss impairs blood-brain barrier function: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
  • 1 Sleep
  • 2 Sleep regulates the neurovascular unit and blood-brain barrier function
  • 2.1 Sleep loss disrupts blood-brain barrier physiology
  • 2.2 Role of endothelial cells in regulating blood-brain barrier function during sleep
  • 2.3 Role of pericytes in regulating blood-brain barrier function during sleep
  • 2.4 Role of glial cells in regulating blood-brain barrier function during sleep
  • 2.5 Role of inflammatory mediators in regulating BBB physiology during sleep
  • 3 Sleep and the glymphatic system
  • 4 Conclusion
  • Funding
  • References
  • Chapter Four: Roles of astrocytic sonic hedgehog production and its signal for regulation of the blood-brain barrier permeability
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Shh signal in brain disorders
  • 3 Neuroprotective effects of Shh
  • 4 Regulation of the BBB function by astrocytic Shh production
  • 5 Regulation of the BBB function by Shh signal in astrocytes
  • 6 Shh-mediated BBB protection as a therapeutic target for brain damage
  • 7 Conclusions and future directions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter Five: Insulin receptor at the blood-brain barrier: Transport and signaling
  • 1 Insulin and the blood-brain barrier
  • 2 Insulin receptor and BBB transport
  • 3 Insulin receptor as a brain drug delivery target
  • 4 BBB signaling via the insulin receptor
  • 4.1 Basal BBB regulation by the insulin receptor
  • 4.2 BBB dysregulation via insulin resistance
  • 5 Conclusions and future directions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter Six: Beta-caryophyllene in psychiatric and neurological diseases: Role of blood-brain barrier.
  • 1 Beta-caryophyllene as a molecule of interest
  • 2 Beta-caryophyllene and psychiatric disorders
  • 3 Beta-caryophyllene and pain
  • 4 Beta-caryophyllene and addiction
  • 5 Beta-caryophyllene and neurodegenerative diseases
  • 6 Beta-caryophyllene and ischemia
  • 7 Beta-caryophyllene and epilepsy
  • 8 Beta-caryophyllene and the blood-brain barrier
  • 9 Conclusions and future directions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter Seven: Insulin and the blood-brain barrier
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Insulin
  • 2.1 Structure
  • 2.2 Synthesis
  • 2.3 Stability
  • 3 Insulin interactions at the BBB
  • 3.1 The INSR at the BBB
  • 3.2 The IGF-1 receptor at the BBB
  • 4 Insulin transport at the BBB
  • 4.1 Insulin crosses the BBB by a saturable process
  • 4.2 IGF-1 BBB transporter differs from that for insulin
  • 4.3 Insulin enters some brain regions but not others
  • 4.4 Insulin transport is modifiable
  • 4.4.1 Obesity
  • 4.4.2 Inflammation
  • 4.4.3 Diabetes
  • 4.4.4 Alzheimer's disease and related models
  • 4.5 The insulin receptor and transporter differ
  • 5 Insulin signaling at the BBB
  • 6 Future directions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • Chapter Eight: Gene therapy targeting the blood-brain barrier
  • 1 Viral and non-viral vectors to target the blood-brain barrier
  • 1.1 Non-viral vectors targeting the blood-brain barrier
  • 1.2 Viral vectors targeting the blood-brain barrier
  • 2 Adeno-associated viral vectors
  • 2.1 Adeno-associated virus
  • 2.2 Adeno-associated viral vectors
  • 3 Strategies to improve the tropism of adeno-associated viral vectors for the blood-brain barrier
  • 3.1 Insertion of pre-defined targeting ligands into the AAV capsid
  • 3.2 Random AAV display peptide libraries
  • 3.3 Transcriptional specificity
  • 4 Therapeutic use of gene therapy targeting the blood-brain barrier
  • 4.1 Treating cerebral endotheliopathies.
  • 4.2 Brain endothelial cells producing proteins for the parenchyma
  • 5 Conclusions and perspectives
  • References
  • Chapter Nine: Sensors for blood brain barrier on a chip
  • 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Guarding the brain: The role of the BBB
  • 1.2 Four key aspects of the BBB
  • 1.3 Transport pathways across the BBB
  • 2 Current BBB experimental models
  • 2.1 Static BBB models
  • 2.2 Dynamic BBB models
  • 3 Application of BBB experimental models
  • 4 Current detection methods used for BBB models
  • 4.1 Detection methods for static BBB models
  • 4.2 Detection methods for dynamic BBB models
  • 5 Implementation of sensors and biosensors in BBB models
  • 5.1 Applications of physical sensors
  • 5.2 Applications of biosensors
  • 6 Current implementations of sensors and biosensors on in vitro models
  • 6.1 Robotic interrogator
  • 6.2 Integrated electrochemical and optical biosensors
  • 7 Conclusion and future outlook
  • References
  • Chapter Ten: A circadian clock regulates the blood-brain barrier across phylogeny
  • 1 Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
  • 1.1 What is the blood-brain barrier?
  • 1.2 Barrier mechanisms
  • 2 Circadian clock
  • 2.1 What is a circadian rhythm?
  • 2.2 Transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL)
  • 2.3 Central vs peripheral clocks
  • 3 Temporal regulation of the BBB
  • 3.1 Neurovascular rhythms
  • 3.2 Sleep
  • 3.3 Circadian dysfunction, BBB disruption, and neurodegenerative disease
  • 4 Chronotherapy
  • 4.1 Training the clock with zeitgebers
  • 4.2 Clocking the drug
  • 4.3 Drugging the clock
  • 5 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Back Cover.