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Peritoneal tumor microenvironment of cancers on cancer hallmarks
This book offers a comprehensive exploration of peritoneal tumors and cancer hallmarks, with a focus on translational medicine. Edited by leading experts in cancer research from various international institutions, it delves into the formation and clinical significance of peritoneal cancers, including diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy resistance. The book discusses cellular models, metabolic alterations, and cell-to-cell interactions in peritoneal tumors, providing insights into the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. It also covers diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers of ovarian cancer and presents current and future perspectives on xenograft models. Additionally, the book examines the role of the microbiome, tumor evolution during chemotherapy and metastasis, and the validation of biomarkers using liquid biopsy. The intended audience includes medical researchers, oncologists, and healthcare professionals interested in cancer research and treatment.
Front Cover -- Peritoneal Tumor Microenvironment of Cancers on Cancer Hallmarks -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 What is the tumor microenvironment? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Formation of malignant ascites -- 1.3 Immune cells -- 1.4 Fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells -- 1.5 Extracellular matrix -- 1.6 Hypoxia and reactive oxygen species -- 1.7 Tumor microenvironment after cancer therapy -- 1.8 Summary -- References -- 2 Clinical significance of peritoneal cancers -- 2.1 Highlights -- 2.2 Introduction -- 2.3 Etiology and epidemiology -- 2.3.1 Subtypes of peritoneal cancers -- 2.3.2 Etiology of peritoneal cancers -- 2.3.3 Pathogenesis of peritoneal cancers -- 2.3.4 Epidemiology of peritoneal cancers -- 2.4 Diagnosis and prognosis -- 2.4.1 Diagnostic symptoms for peritoneal cancers -- 2.4.2 Diagnostic imaging in peritoneal cancers -- 2.4.3 Diagnostic biopsies in peritoneal cancers -- 2.4.4 Staging and prognosis of peritoneal cancers -- 2.5 Therapy and therapy resistance -- 2.5.1 Surgery -- 2.5.2 Systemic chemotherapy -- 2.5.3 Multimodal therapies -- 2.5.4 Targeted therapies -- 2.5.5 Therapy resistance -- 2.6 Summary and perspective -- References -- 3 Tumor microenvironment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: the concept of premetastatic niche altered before tumor implantation -- 3.1 Highlights -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.3 Peritoneal complex -- 3.3.1 Anatomy -- 3.3.2 Histology -- 3.3.3 Scanning electron microscopy view -- 3.3.4 Physiology -- 3.4 Peritoneal wall as a premetastatic environment -- 3.4.1 Peritoneum and inflammation -- 3.4.2 Peritoneum and cancer (macroscopic and microscopic analysis) -- 3.4.2.1 Ovarian cancer cell invasion -- 3.4.2.2 Digestive cancer cell invasion -- 3.4.3 Peritoneal liquid in carcinomatosis -- 3.4.3.1 Noncoagulability ascites character -- 3.4.3.1.1 Cytokine array analysis.
3.4.3.1.2 Immune cell analysis -- 3.4.4 Peritoneal wall modification during cancer cell implantation -- 3.4.4.1 Mesothelial cell transformation (EMT) -- 3.4.4.2 The submesothelial layer is a target for cancer cells (microscopic analysis) -- 3.4.4.3 Fibrin in the peritoneal cavity -- 3.4.4.4 Cluster formation in the peritoneal cavity -- 3.5 Scar zone on the peritoneal surface as a niche for cancer cell implantation (animal model study) -- 3.5.1 Inhibition of cancer cell interaction with the peritoneal surface could be a therapeutic target -- 3.6 Conclusion and perspectives -- References -- 4 Cellular models for peritoneal cancer research -- 4.1 What is peritoneal cancer? -- 4.1.1 Molecular mechanisms of peritoneal seeding -- 4.1.2 Why cellular models for peritoneal cancer research is needed? -- 4.2 Origin of peritoneal carcinoma -- 4.2.1 Primary peritoneal carcinoma -- 4.2.2 Pseudomyxoma peritonei -- 4.2.3 Peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer -- 4.2.4 Peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer -- 4.2.5 Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer -- 4.3 Peritoneal tumor cell line models -- 4.3.1 Cell line models -- 4.3.1.1 Peritoneal metastasis cell line establishment from ascites -- 4.3.1.2 Peritoneal metastasis cell line establishment from omental seeding and matched primary tumor -- 4.4 Fingerprinting -- 4.5 Mycoplasma -- 4.6 Passaging primary cultures and cryopreservation -- 4.7 Removal of contaminating mesothelial cells and fibroblasts from cultures of isolated peritoneal cells -- 4.8 Use of established peritoneal tumor cell lines -- 4.9 3D culture of gastric cancer cell lines derived from ascites -- References -- 5 Metabolism of cancer cells altered in peritoneal tumor microenvironment -- 5.1 Highlights -- 5.2 Introduction -- 5.3 Cellular components of peritoneal tumor microenvironment.
5.4 Metabolic crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment -- 5.5 Peritoneal tumor microenvironment and glucose metabolism -- 5.6 Peritoneal tumor microenvironment and lipid metabolism -- 5.7 Peritoneal tumor microenvironment and amino acid metabolism -- 5.8 Metabolic reprogramming and chemoresistance -- 5.9 Therapeutic perspectives -- 5.10 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Cell-to-cell interactions in peritoneal tumor microenvironment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Peritoneum cavity and mesothelial cells -- 6.1.2 Peritoneal carcinomatosis -- 6.2 Blood and lymphatic vessels -- 6.3 The omentum -- 6.4 Key biological functions of omentum -- 6.4.1 Omentum favors cancer cell implantation -- 6.5 Sequential events carcinomatosis expansion in peritoneal cavity -- 6.5.1 Cancer cell nodule on peritoneal surface -- 6.5.2 Cancer cell cluster and nodule formation -- 6.6 Peritoneal carcinomatosis and immune response -- 6.7 Cancer cell clusters in peritoneal liquid -- 6.8 Hospicells, as a stromal cell-derived from ascites cancer cell clusters -- 6.9 Origin and markers of hospicells -- 6.10 Hospicells in the regulation of angiogenesis -- 6.10.1 Hospicells-associated chemoresistance to chemotherapy for cancer cells via oncological trogocytosis -- 6.10.2 Hospicells in metastasis of cancer cells -- 6.10.3 Cross-talk between hospicells and immune cells within tumor microenvironment -- 6.11 Conclusion and perspective -- References -- 7 Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers of ovarian cancer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ovarian tissue markers -- 7.2.1 Dynamin-related protein 1 -- 7.2.2 Gelsolin -- 7.2.3 Hexokinase II -- 7.2.4 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt -- 7.2.5 Programmed cell death ligand 1 -- 7.2.6 Folate receptor alpha -- 7.3 Genetic tissue markers -- 7.4 Circulatory biomarkers -- 7.4.1 Protein biomarkers -- 7.4.1.1 Cancer antigen 125.
7.4.1.2 Human epididymis protein 4 -- 7.4.1.3 Other tumor markers -- 7.4.1.4 Plasma gelsolin -- 7.5 Molecular markers -- 7.5.1 MicroRNAs -- 7.5.2 Methylated DNA -- 7.6 Urinary biomarkers -- 7.7 Human epididymis protein 4 -- 7.8 Matrix metalloproteinase -- 7.9 Polyamines -- 7.10 MicroRNAs -- 7.11 Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and osteopontin -- 7.12 Extracellular vesicles as ovarian cancer biomarkers -- 7.13 The role of CT and MRI in the assessment of peritoneal carcinomatosis -- 7.14 Detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis -- 7.15 Prediction of success of cytoreduction -- 7.16 Treatment response assessment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) -- 7.17 Positron emission tomography and radiogenomics for ovarian cancer detection and prognosis -- 7.18 Characterization -- 7.19 T staging -- 7.20 N &amp -- M staging -- 7.21 Detection of recurrence -- 7.22 Prediction of treatment response -- 7.23 Prediction of prognosis -- 7.24 The other tracers for PET imaging -- 7.25 Radiogenomics -- 7.26 Artificial intelligence in ovarian cancer detection and prognosis -- 7.27 Artificial intelligence application in medical imaging and ovarian cancer -- 7.28 Opportunities and challenges -- 7.29 Looking into the future -- 7.30 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 8 Current and future perspectives of xenograft models of human ovarian cancer -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Intraperitoneal dissemination of human OC cell lines in murine models -- 8.3 Human OC xenograft in murine models -- 8.4 Patient-derived organoid models of OC -- 8.5 Experimental models of tumor neovascularization and progression using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay -- 8.6 Comparison in characteristics of experimental models for ovarian cancer studies -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Tumor microenvironment and chemoresistance -- 9.1 Introduction.