Biochar production for green economy : agricultural and environmental perspectives /
Biochar Production for Green Economy: Agricultural and Environmental Perspectives addresses the advancements and developments for the efficient diversification of biochar toward achieving improved agricultural and environmental benefits. This comprehensive and cohesive volume is the first to addres...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London :
Academic Press,
2024.
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| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Biochar Production for Green Economy
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- List of contributors
- About the editors
- Preface
- 1 Crop waste conversion into biochar: an overview
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Properties of biochar
- 1.3 Biochar production technologies
- 1.3.1 Pyrolysis
- 1.3.1.1 Types of pyrolysis
- 1.3.1.1.1 Slow pyrolysis
- 1.3.1.1.2 Fast pyrolysis
- 1.3.1.1.3 Flash pyrolysis
- 1.3.1.1.4 Catalytic pyrolysis and hydro-pyrolysis
- 1.4 Effect of biochar production process parameters on biochar yield and quality
- 1.5 Feedstock for biochar production
- 1.6 Applications of biochar
- 1.6.1 Effect of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties
- 1.6.2 Effect of biochar on soil biological properties
- 1.6.3 Biochar and heavy metal contamination
- 1.6.4 Biochar and carbon sequestration
- 1.6.5 Effect of biochar application on crop yield and quality
- 1.6.6 Control of greenhouse gas emissions
- 1.6.7 Wastewater treatment
- 1.6.8 Other emerging applications
- 1.7 Policy and legislative framework
- 1.8 Overview of current biochar markets
- 1.9 Conclusion
- References
- A. Biochar production and modification
- 2 Advanced pyrolysis reactors for energy efficient production of biochar
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Types of pyrolysis reactors
- 2.2.1 Bubbling fluidized bed
- 2.2.2 Circulating fluidized bed
- 2.2.3 Ablative reactors
- 2.2.4 Vacuum pyrolysis reactors
- 2.2.5 Screw reactors
- 2.2.6 Rotary klin
- 2.3 Factors affecting the design of pyrolysis reactor
- 2.3.1 Temperature
- 2.3.2 Residence time
- 2.3.3 Particle size
- 2.3.4 Heating rate
- 2.3.5 Feedstocks bed height
- 2.4 Conclusion
- References
- 3 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization for biochar production: potential application and limitations
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization.
- 3.2.1 Feedstock for microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization
- 3.2.2 Chemistry of microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization
- 3.2.3 Reaction profile
- 3.2.3.1 Temperature
- 3.2.3.2 Reaction time
- 3.2.3.3 Solids loading
- 3.2.3.4 Selection of solvent
- 3.2.3.5 Catalyst
- 3.2.3.6 Process water recycling
- 3.2.3.7 Other factors
- 3.3 Applications of microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization
- 3.4 Limitations of microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization
- 3.5 Conclusion and future prospects
- References
- 4 Sustainable management and diversification of problematic wastes: prospects and challenges
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Types of problematic waste
- 4.2.1 Agro-industrial waste
- 4.2.2 Municipal solid waste
- 4.2.3 Plastic waste
- 4.2.4 E-waste
- 4.3 Agro-ecological hazards from problematic wastes
- 4.3.1 Hazards from agro-industrial products
- 4.3.2 Hazards from municipal solid waste
- 4.3.3 Hazards from plastic waste
- 4.3.4 Hazards from e-waste
- 4.4 Current technologies for waste management
- 4.4.1 Thermochemical technology
- 4.4.1.1 Incineration
- 4.4.1.2 Pyrolysis and thermal gasification
- 4.4.2 Biochemical technology
- 4.4.2.1 Fermentation
- 4.4.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
- 4.5 Types of pyrolysis reactors used for treating problematic wastes
- 4.5.1 Fixed-bed reactor and batch reactor
- 4.5.2 Fluidized-bed reactor
- 4.5.3 Spouted bed reactor
- 4.5.4 Rotary kiln reactor
- 4.5.5 Microwave pyrolysis reactor
- 4.5.6 Screw auger pyrolysis reactor
- 4.5.7 Plasma reactor
- 4.5.8 Solar reactor
- 4.6 Diversification of problematic wastes through thermal degradation
- 4.6.1 Biofuel production
- 4.6.2 Biochar production
- 4.6.3 Composting of problematic wastes
- 4.7 Challenges of pyrolysis of problematic wastes
- 4.8 Conclusion and future thrust
- References.
- 5 Modern tools and techniques of biochar characterization for targeted applications
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Properties and characterization of biochar
- 5.2.1 Proximate analysis
- 5.2.2 Ultimate analysis and elemental composition
- 5.2.3 Physiochemical characterization
- 5.2.3.1 Porosity
- 5.2.3.2 Density
- 5.2.3.3 pH
- 5.2.3.4 Electrical conductivity
- 5.2.3.5 Cation and anion exchange capacity
- 5.2.3.6 FTIR spectroscopy
- 5.2.3.7 Water-holding capacity
- 5.2.3.8 Thermal conductivity
- 5.2.4 High heating value
- 5.2.4.1 Iodine number
- 5.2.5 Morphology and surface functionality
- 5.2.5.1 Scanning electron microscopy
- 5.2.5.2 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- 5.2.5.3 Thermogravimetric analysis
- 5.2.5.4 NMR spectroscopy
- 5.2.5.4.1 X-ray diffraction technique
- 5.2.5.4.2 Raman spectroscopy
- 5.3 Conclusion
- References
- 6 Modeling the surface chemistry of biochar for efficient and wider applicability: opportunities and limitations
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Modifications in surface functional groups of biochar
- 6.3 Modification techniques for improving the surface chemistry of biochar
- 6.4 Role of feedstock in enhancing the surface chemistry of biochar
- 6.5 Role of pyrolysis temperature in enhancing the surface chemistry of biochar
- 6.6 Application of nanoparticles to enhance the surface chemistry of biochar
- 6.7 Opportunities, limitations, and conclusion
- References
- B. Biochar for soil improvements
- 7 Biochar-based carbon farming: a holistic approach for crop productivity and soil health improvement
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.1.1 What is biochar?
- 7.1.2 Why biochar is an option for carbon farming?
- 7.2 Determinants of biochar stability
- 7.2.1 Biochar's inherent chemical characteristics
- 7.2.2 Interaction with minerals and soil organic matte
- 7.2.3 Feedstock type, temperature and duration of pyrolysis.
- 7.3 Biochar for yield sustenance: facts and prospects from different soils
- 7.4 Effect of biochar application on soil health parameters: an insight of soil physical-fertility-biological factors
- 7.4.1 Biochar for protecting soil physical health
- 7.4.2 Biochar for improving nutrient cycling in soil
- 7.4.3 Biochar for enriching soil biological health
- 7.4.4 Biochar reclaiming health of disturbed soil
- 7.4.5 Biochar for overall soil health improvement
- 7.5 Biochar for mitigation of climate change in different soils
- 7.6 Contribution of biochar in economics of carbon farming
- 7.7 Conclusion
- References
- 8 Biochar as a soil amendment: effects on microbial communities and soil health
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Biochar, its preparation methods, and properties
- 8.3 Biochar qualities associated with microbial diversity
- 8.3.1 Woody biochar
- 8.3.2 Agricultural biochar
- 8.3.3 Manure biochar
- 8.3.4 Municipal solid waste biochar
- 8.4 Biochar-microbe interactions
- 8.5 Significance of soil microbial diversity on soil-plant-atmospheric continuum
- 8.6 The potential advantages of biochar and its application in enhancing soil health and promoting plant growth
- 8.6.1 Soil fertility and plant growth
- 8.6.2 Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
- 8.6.3 Reduces contaminant
- 8.7 Mechanism of plant growth stimulation by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
- 8.8 Interaction of biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacterias
- 8.8.1 Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biochar co-application on soil health
- 8.8.2 Impact on soil pH and electrical conductivity
- 8.8.3 Impact on the availability of nutrients in soil
- 8.8.4 Effect on water holding capacity of soil
- 8.8.5 Effect on soil microbial communities
- 8.8.6 Effect on crops growth and productivity
- 8.9 Factors influencing the effectiveness of biochar.
- 8.9.1 Soil type, texture, and mineralogy
- 8.9.2 Biochar dosage and application methods
- 8.9.3 Climate and environmental conditions
- 8.9.4 Long-term effects and aging
- 8.9.5 Interactions with microbial communities
- 8.9.6 Synergies with other soil amendments
- 8.10 Considerations and difficulties
- 8.10.1 Biochar's potential drawbacks and limitations
- 8.10.2 Biochar quality control and standardization
- 8.10.3 Ecological implications and unintended consequences
- 8.10.4 Regulatory and policy issues regarding biochar application
- 8.11 Conclusion and future direction
- References
- 9 Biochar mediated carbon and nutrient dynamics under arable land
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Characteristics and production of biochar
- 9.3 Influence of biochar on agriculture productivity
- 9.4 Biochar effects on soil carbon dynamics and soil fertility
- 9.5 Mechanisms of biochar-mediated carbon sequestration
- 9.6 Biochar effects on different soil nutrient dynamics
- 9.7 Uses and limitations of biochar in agricultural arable land
- 9.8 Conclusion
- References
- 10 Role of biochar in acidic soils amelioration
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Properties of the biochar
- 10.3 Extent of acid soils: world and India
- 10.4 Biochar interactions in acidic soils
- 10.4.1 Biochar and soil pH
- 10.4.2 Biochar and nutrient availability
- 10.4.3 Biochar and aluminum toxicity alleviation
- 10.4.4 Biochar and soil nitrification
- 10.5 Biochar and soil carbon sequestration
- 10.6 Future challenges and perspective
- 10.7 Conclusions
- References
- 11 Biochar as a soil amendment for saline soils reclamation: mechanisms and efficacy
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Biochar can serve as a viable amendment for soil with high salinity
- 11.3 Role of biochar on soil properties
- 11.3.1 Role of biochar on nutrient status of salt-affected soils.