Vertebrate Pattern Formation /

This volume of 'Current Topics in Developmental Biology' focuses on vertebrate pattern formation, exploring the processes and mechanisms underlying embryonic development in vertebrates. Edited by Moises Mallo, the book delves into the role of Hox genes in body axis formation, cellular beha...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Mallo, Moises (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London, United Kingdom : Academic Press, 2024.
Series:	Current topics in developmental biology ; . 159.
Subjects:	Vertebrates. Vertebrates > Evolution. Vertébrés. Vertébrés > Évolution. Vertebrata (subphylum) Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyrigt
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter One: Hox genes and patterning the vertebrate body
1 Introduction
2 Expression of Hox genes during body axis formation
3 Regulation of Hox expression
4 Hox function
5 Molecular mechanisms of Hox patterning
6 Post-embryonic Hox function
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Two: Cell behaviors that pattern developing tissues: the case of the vertebrate nervous system
1 Introduction
2 How cellular behavior contributes to patterning in the CNS
2.1 Generation of neuronal cell types in the right order and proportions
2.2 Moving neurons to make layers
2.3 Killing cells to sculpt tissue patterns
3 How cell behaviors are regulated in space and time to ensure successful patterning
4 Variability and plasticity of cellular behaviors during tissue patterning
5 Changing cell behaviors to make new patterns
6 Defects in cell behavior affect pattern formation causing human birth defects
7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Three: The alveolus: Our current knowledge of how the gas exchange unit of the lung is constructed and repairedThe alveolus
1 Introduction to lung development and alveolar formation
2 The alveolus and its associated structure
2.1 Alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) cell
2.2 Alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cell
2.3 Myofibroblast and lipofibroblast
2.4 Endothelial cell
2.5 Pericyte
2.6 Immune cell
2.7 Autonomic nerves
2.8 Lymphatic endothelial cell
3 Signaling pathways that regulate alveolar formation
3.1 The platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway
3.2 The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway
3.3 The Wnt signaling pathway.
3.4 The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway
3.5 The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway
3.6 The Notch signaling pathway
3.7 The Hippo signaling pathway
3.8 The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway
3.9 Other signaling pathways
4 Models of alveolar formation
4.1 The secondary septation model
4.2 The modified secondary septation model
4.3 The fishnet model
4.4 The epithelial budding model
4.5 A discussion of various models
5 Maturation, homeostasis and aging of the alveolus
5.1 Maturation of the alveolus
5.2 Homeostasis of the alveolus
5.3 Aging of the alveolus
6 Reconstruction of the alveolus following lung injury
6.1 Cells with progenitor properties in alveoli of adult lungs
6.2 Emphysema-like defect: a simplified alveolar unit
6.3 Pulmonary fibrosis: a thickened alveolar unit
7 Is there a species-specific difference in alveolar formation and function?
8 Concluding remarks and remaining questions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Four: Making developmental sense of the senses, their origin and function
1 Historical and cultural perspectives on the senses
2 The neural plate border
2.1 The neural crest
2.2 The cranial placodes
3 The chemical senses
3.1 Gustation
3.2 Olfactory and vomeronasal senses
4 The mechanical senses
4.1 Vestibulo-auditory system
4.2 Somatosensation and touch perception
5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter Five: From signalling to form: the coordination of neural tube patterning
1 Introduction
2 Patterning the head-to-tail axis
2.1 Signals specifying NMPs
2.1.1 Wnt and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
2.1.2 Retinoic acid (RA)
2.2 Gene expression during trunk formation
2.2.1 Homeobox genes: specifying axial identity in the spinal cord.
2.3.3 Wnt/PCP pathway
3 Exit from the NMC niche
3.1 Retinoic acid promotes NMC differentiation
3.2 Acquisition of mesoderm identity
3.2.1 Canonical Wnt signalling and acquisition of a mesodermal state
3.2.2 FGF signalling and acquisition of a mesodermal state
3.2.3 Mesoderm-specific GRN
3.2.3.1 Tbxt
3.2.3.2 Tbx6
3.2.3.3 Mesogenin1 (Msgn1)
3.3 Acquisition of neural identity
3.3.1 Wnt signalling and acquisition of a neural progenitor state
4 Termination of axial elongation
5 In vitro models of NMC maintenance and differentiation
6 Final remarks
References
Chapter Seven: The control of transitions along the main body axis
1 Introduction
2 Head to trunk transition
2.1 Genetic control of the head to trunk transition
2.2 Embryonic signatures of the head to trunk transition
2.3 The forelimb bud marks the start of the organ containing trunk
3 The trunk to tail transition
3.1 Gdf11/Tgfbr1 are the master regulators of the trunk to tail transition
3.2 Hox genes during the trunk to tail transition
3.3 The trunk to tail transition involves a major reorganization of embryonic tissues
3.3.1 The NMC progenitors are relocated to generate the tail bud
3.3.2 The fate of the lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm
3.3.2.1 Hindlimb induction
3.3.2.2 Induction of the cloaca and genital tubercle
4 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eight: Emergence of a left-right symmetric body plan in vertebrate embryos
1 Introduction
2 Left-right axis in embryos: the beginning
2.1 Morphological left and right is first visible upon dorsal organizer formation in zebrafish and Xenopus
2.2 Primitive streak position defines a morphological left and right in amniotes
3 Left-right symmetry of somites
3.1 Disordered cell motion leads to symmetric PSM elongation.
3.2 Subtle asymmetries in somite morphology are mechanically corrected
3.3 RA pathway buffers asymmetric signals from the node
4 Bilateral symmetry of limb
4.1 Positioning the limb bud
4.2 Signalling feedback loops control limb bud growth
5 Left-right symmetry of facial features
5.1 Hydraulic feedback drives robust inner ear size in zebrafish
5.2 Cell flow is largely symmetric in the frontonasal mass
6 Perspective
Acknowledgements
Competing interests
References
Chapter Nine: Vascular development, remodeling and maturation
1 Introduction
2 Vascular differentiation and growth of the primary vascular plexus
3 Tip cells and sprouting angiogenesis
4 Vascular remodeling and arterio-venous differentiation
5 Vessel maturation and stabilization
6 Organ specific vasculature development
7 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter Ten: Generation of patterns in the paraxial mesoderm
1 Introduction
2 The 'Clock'
3 The 'Wavefront'
4 The signaling gradients
4.1 Fgf signaling
4.2 Wnt signaling
4.3 Retinoic acid signaling
5 Determining the presumptive somite boundary
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter Elven: Shaping gene expression and its evolution by chromatin architecture and enhancer activity
1 The cis-regulatory code
2 Chromatin 3D organization
2.1 A complex interplay between chromatin organization and enhancer activity shapes gene expression
2.2 IntraTAD organization of gene-enhancer contacts and the multifaceted role of CTCF
2.3 Why at borders?
2.4 Crossing TADs
3 Evolution of gene regulatory landscapes
4 Evolutionary changes in gene cis-regulatory code
4.1 Evolutionary gain and loss of CREs
4.2 Sequence and activity changes in CREs.