A review on diverse neurological disorders : pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutics /

According to World Health Organization (WHO) one billion people worldwide are affected by one of the thousands of neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer disease, strokes, and headaches.Neurological disorders also include brain injuries, neuroinfections, multiple sclerosis and Parkinso...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Bagchi, Debasis, Chaurasia, Rameshwar Nath, Ohia, Sunny E.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London : Academic Press, 2024.
Subjects:	Nervous system > Diseases. Neurology. Nervous System Diseases Neurology Système nerveux > Maladies. Neurologie. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
A REVIEW ON DIVERSE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
A REVIEW ON DIVERSE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, AND THERAPEUTICS
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
A
Overview and introduction
1
Epidemiology and risk factors of mental disorders
1. Introduction
2. Risk factor of mental disorder
2.1 Anxiety disorders
3. Depression
4. Bipolar disorder
5. Posttraumatic stress disorder
6. Schizophrenia
7. Eating disorder
8. Disruptive behavior and dissocial disorders
9. Neurodevelopmental disorders
10. Obsessive compulsion disorder
11. Dementia
12. Panic disorders
12.1 Insomnia
13. Delirium
14. Paranoid personality disorder
15. Alzheimer's disease
16. Parkinson's disease
17. Mood disorder
18. Phobia
19. Autism
20. Current status of mental disorders worldwide
21. Prevalence of mental disorder among the different regions of the world
21.1 Who is at risk?
22. Health systems and social support
References
B Diverse neurological diseases: Bacterial, fungal, virus, and parasitic infections
2
Unlocking the intricacies: Bacterial meningitis's impact on neurological function
1. Introduction
2. Meningitis
3. Bacterial meningitis
4. Etiology
5. Epidemiology
6. Acute meningitis-Children
6.1 Newborns
6.2 1 month to 2years
6.3 2-17years
6.4 Acute meningitis-Adults
6.4.1 19-60years
6.4.2 Age 60years
6.5 Signs and symptoms
6.5.1 Newborns
6.5.2 Children aged 1-4years
6.5.3 Older children and adults
7. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis common stages and mechanisms
7.1 Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
8. Invasion and spread of bacteria
9. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
10. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain.
10.1 Meningococcal meningitis
11. Invasion and spread of bacteria
12. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
13. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
13.1 Group B Streptococcus meningitis
14. Invasion and spread of bacteria
15. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
16. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
16.1 Streptococcus suis meningitis
17. Invasion and spread of bacteria
18. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
19. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
19.1 Escherichia coli K1-induced neonatal meningitis
20. Invasion and spread of bacteria
21. Translocation of bacteria into the CNS
22. Inflammation and immune activation in the brain
23. Symptoms and signs
24. Neuronal damage
25. Clinical features and diagnosis
26. Treatment
27. Prognosis
28. Surveillance
29. Conclusion
References
3
An overview on helminthic infections of central nervous system in humans
1. Introduction
2. Echinococcosis: Echinococcus spp.
2.1 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
2.2 Pathophysiology/immunopathology
2.3 Diagnosis and treatment
2.4 Challenges
3. Neuroschistosomiasis: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi
3.1 Disease background
3.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
3.3 Epidemiology
3.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
3.5 Immunopathology
3.6 Challenges
4. Neurocysticercosis: Taenia solium
4.1 Disease background
4.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
4.3 Epidemiology
4.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
4.5 Immunopathology
4.6 Challenges
5. Angiostrongyliasis-Angiostrongylus cantonensis
5.1 Disease background
5.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
5.3 Epidemiology.
5.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
5.5 Immunopathology
5.6 Challenges
6. Sparganosis: Spirometramansoni
6.1 Disease background
6.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
6.3 Epidemiology
6.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatments
6.5 Immunopathology
6.6 Challenges
7. Paragonimiasis: Paragonimus westermani
7.1 Disease background
7.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
7.3 Epidemiology
7.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
7.5 Immunopathology
7.6 Challenges
8. Coenurosis: Tapeworm larvae (Taenia species)
8.1 Disease background
8.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
8.3 Epidemiology
8.4 Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments
8.5 Immunopathology
8.6 Challenges
9. Neurognathostomiasis: Gnathostoma spp.
9.1 Disease background
9.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
9.3 Epidemiology
9.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
9.5 Challenges
10. Neurostrongyloidiasis: Strongyloidesstercoralis
10.1 Disease background
10.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
10.3 Epidemiology
10.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment
10.5 Challenges
11. Onchocerciasis: Onchocerca volvulus
11.1 Disease background
11.2 Route of infection and life cycle of the parasite
11.3 Epidemiology
11.4 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatments
11.5 Challenges
12. Conclusion
References
4
Helminthic infections of the central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. CNS diseases caused by cestodes
2.1 Neurocysticercosis
2.1.1 Epidemiology
2.1.2 Genetic predisposition
2.1.3 Pathophysiology
2.1.3.1 Typical life cycle of Taenia solium
2.1.4 Clinical features
2.1.5 Parenchymal NCC.
2.1.6 Extraparenchymal NCC
2.1.7 Diagnosis
2.1.7.1 Neuroimaging
2.1.7.2 Immunological assays
2.1.7.3 Stool microscopy
2.1.8 Treatment
2.1.9 Prevention
2.2 Cerebral echinococcosis
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Epidemiology
2.2.3 Pathophysiology
2.2.4 Clinical features
2.2.5 Diagnosis
2.2.6 Treatment
2.2.7 Complications and recurrence
3. CNS diseases caused by nematodes
3.1 Angiostrongyliasis
3.2 Gnathostomiasis
3.3 Strongyloidiasis
3.4 Neurotoxocariosis
3.5 Neurotrichinosis
4. CNS diseases caused by trematodes
4.1 Schistosomiasis
4.2 Paragonimiasis
5. Conclusion
References
5
Tuberculosis of the central nervous system: Pathogenicity and molecular mechanism
1. Introduction
1.1 Tuberculosis
1.2 Active and latent tuberculosis
1.3 Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis
1.4 Molecular mechanism and pathogenicity
2. Available therapies and challenges
3. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system
3.1 Clinical presentation
3.2 Mechanism of infection
3.3 Tuberculous meningitis
3.4 Diagnosis and therapeutic progress for tuberculosis of the central nervous system
4. Future prospects
5. Concluding remarks
References
6
Tuberculosis of central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. Burden of the disease
3. Pathogenesis
4. Forms of the disease
4.1 Brain and its coverings
4.1.1 Tuberculous meningitis
4.1.2 Tuberculous pachymeningitis
4.1.3 Tuberculoma
4.1.4 Tuberculous encephalopathy
4.2 Osseous and nonosseous spinal tuberculosis
4.2.1 Pott's disease
4.2.2 Tuberculous myelitis
4.2.3 Tuberculous arachnoiditis and radiculomyelopathy
5. Diagnosis
5.1 CSF examination
5.1.1 Routine examination
5.1.2 Microbiological testing
5.1.2.1 Smear and culture of acid-fast bacteria.
5.1.2.2 Nucleic acid amplification test
5.2 Radiographic imaging
6. Management
6.1 Antituberculous therapy
6.1.1 Drug-sensitive tuberculosis
6.1.2 Drug-resistant tuberculosis
6.1.3 Use of adjuvant steroids
6.1.3.1 Shortened regimen
6.1.4 Treatment in immunocompromized hosts
7. Complications
7.1 Raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus
7.2 Vasculopathy and stroke
7.3 Optochiasmatic arachnoiditis
7.4 Seizures
7.5 Hyponatremia
8. Paradoxical reaction and IRIS
9. Conclusion
References
Further reading
7
An overview on tetanus, diphtheria, and diverse bacterial infections of the CNS
1. Introduction
2. Tetanus
2.1 Pathogenesis
2.2 Clinical manifestations
2.3 Diagnosis
2.4 Management
2.4.1 Prevention
2.4.2 Treatment of infection
3. Diphtheria
3.1 Epidemiology
3.2 Pathogenesis
3.3 Clinical manifestations
3.4 Diagnosis
3.5 Management
4. Other bacterial infections of the CNS
4.1 Bacterial meningitis
4.2 Spinal epidural abscess
4.3 Rickettsial infection
4.4 Subdural empyema
4.5 Brain abscess
4.6 Neurosyphilis
4.7 CNS tuberculosis
5. Conclusion
References
Further reading
8
Tetanus, diphtheria and other toxin-producing bacterial infection of central nervous system
1. Introduction
2. Tetanus
2.1 Epidemiology
2.2 Causative agent
2.3 Pathogenesis
2.4 Clinical manifestations
2.5 Localized tetanus
2.6 Cephalic tetanus
2.7 Generalized tetanus
2.8 Neonatal tetanus
2.9 Diagnosis
2.10 Treatment
3. Diphtheria
3.1 Epidemiology
3.2 Causative agent
3.3 Pathogenesis
3.4 Clinical manifestations
3.5 Diagnosis
3.6 Treatment
4. Botulism
4.1 Epidemiology
4.2 Causative agent
4.3 Pathogenesis
4.4 Clinical manifestation
4.5 Foodborne botulism
4.6 Wound botulism.