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Diseases and health consequences of air pollution
Air pollution, human health, and the environment
The book 'Diseases and Health Consequences of Air Pollution, Volume 3' focuses on the complex relationship between air pollution and human health. Edited by Mohammad Hadi Dehghani and other experts, it comprehensively addresses the health impacts of air pollution, including respiratory diseases, cancer, and hypertension. The book explores various risk factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic conditions, while also discussing global, regional, and local air pollution monitoring and control strategies. It is intended for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in environmental health and public health fields, aiming to provide insights into the health consequences of air pollution and inform future research and policy development.
Front Cover -- Diseases and Health Consequences of Air Pollution -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Overview of diseases and health consequences due to air pollution -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Importance of studying diseases and health consequences of air pollution -- 1.1.2 Objectives of the article -- 1.2 Health effects of air pollution -- 1.2.1 Respiratory system effects -- 1.2.1.1 Asthma -- 1.2.1.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- 1.2.1.3 Lung cancer -- 1.2.1.4 Pneumonia and other respiratory infections -- 1.2.2 Cardiovascular system effects -- 1.2.2.1 Coronary heart disease -- 1.2.2.2 Stroke -- 1.2.2.3 Hypertension -- 1.2.2.4 Heart failure -- 1.2.3 Other health effects -- 1.2.3.1 Neurological effects -- 1.2.3.2 Reproductive and developmental effects -- 1.2.3.3 Cancer (other than lung cancer) -- 1.3 Risk factors for air pollution-related health effects -- 1.3.1 Age and gender -- 1.3.2 Genetics and preexisting conditions -- 1.3.3 Socioeconomic factors -- 1.3.4 Environmental factors -- 1.4 Air Pollution monitoring and regulation -- 1.4.1 Global and regional air pollution monitoring -- 1.4.2 National and local air pollution monitoring -- 1.4.3 Air pollution control strategies -- 1.5 Conclusion -- 1.5.1 Summary of key findings -- 1.5.2 Implications for policy and public health -- 1.5.3 Future research directions -- References -- 2 Respiratory diseases caused by air pollutants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Respiratory tract physiology -- 2.2.1 Nose -- 2.2.2 Pharynx -- 2.2.3 Larynx -- 2.2.4 Trachea -- 2.2.5 Bronchi -- 2.2.6 Bronchioles -- 2.2.7 Lungs -- 2.2.8 Alveoli -- 2.3 Inhalation route of air pollutants -- 2.4 Targets of various kinds of air pollutants -- 2.4.1 The general population -- 2.4.1.1 Carbon monoxide -- 2.4.1.2 Sulfur dioxide.
2.4.1.3 Lead -- 2.4.1.4 Nitrogen dioxide -- 2.4.1.5 Ground-level ozone -- 2.4.1.6 Particulate matter -- 2.4.1.7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 2.4.1.8 Radon -- 2.4.1.9 Bioaerosols -- 2.4.2 Workers -- 2.4.2.1 Mineral dust -- 2.4.2.2 Dust from cereals, wood, and agricultural work -- 2.4.2.3 Heavy metal dust or fume -- 2.4.2.4 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes -- 2.4.2.5 Formaldehyde -- 2.5 Diseases caused by air pollutants -- 2.5.1 Diseases in the general population -- 2.5.1.1 Lung cancer -- 2.5.1.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- 2.5.1.3 Asthma -- 2.5.1.4 Emphysema -- 2.5.1.5 Pulmonary edema -- 2.5.1.6 Acute upper airway obstruction -- 2.5.1.7 Bronchitis -- 2.5.1.8 Bronchiolitis -- 2.5.1.9 Pneumonia -- 2.5.2 Diseases in workers -- 2.5.2.1 Pneumoconiosis -- 2.5.2.2 Black lung disease -- 2.5.2.3 Silicosis -- 2.5.2.4 Asbestosis -- 2.5.2.5 Byssinosis -- 2.5.2.6 Bagassosis -- 2.5.2.7 Siderosis -- 2.6 Vulnerable groups of people -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Air pollution and the burden of cardiovascular disease-looking at inequalities across the EU-27 -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Air pollution and cardiovascular disease-a review of the evidence -- 3.3 Materials and methods -- 3.4 Results -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Air pollution and cancer -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Outdoor air contamination -- 4.3 Indoor air pollution -- 4.4 Evidence supporting the carcinogenicity of air contaminants -- 4.5 Etiology of cancers caused by air pollution -- 4.6 Vulnerable groups -- 4.7 Evidence on the correlation between air contamination and cancer -- 4.7.1 Lung cancer -- 4.7.2 Leukemia -- 4.7.2.1 Childhood leukemia -- 4.7.2.2 Adult leukemia -- 4.7.3 Breast cancer -- 4.7.4 Urological cancers (urinary tract, kidney, and bladder cancers) -- 4.7.5 Liver cancer -- 4.7.6 Ovarian cancer -- 4.7.7 Other cancers.
4.8 Recommendations for public health -- 4.8.1 Policy interventions -- 4.8.2 From the healthcare provider's perspective -- 4.8.3 From an individual perspective -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- 5 A review of the association of air pollution on pregnant health -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Outdoor air pollution -- 5.2.1 Particulate matter -- 5.2.2 Heavy metals -- 5.2.3 Radionuclides -- 5.2.4 Microplastics and nanoplastics -- 5.2.5 Natural hazards -- 5.2.5.1 Sand and dust storms: prenatal exposure and infant health -- 5.2.5.2 Silica dust -- 5.3 Indoor and household air pollution -- 5.3.1 Tobacco and cigarette smoke -- 5.3.1.1 Volatile organic compounds -- 5.3.2 Biological hazards -- 5.4 The changing climate and its effect on pregnant health -- 5.4.1 Extreme weather conditions -- 5.4.2 Impacts on the food system and the pregnant diet -- 5.5 Future aspects and conclusion -- References -- 6 A review of diseases attributed to air pollution and associated health issues: a case study of Indian metropolitan cities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sources of air pollution -- 6.2.1 Transportation -- 6.2.2 Industrial procedures -- 6.2.3 Agriculture -- 6.2.4 Power plants -- 6.2.5 Irresponsible waste management and biomass burning -- 6.3 Major air pollution pollutants and current status in India -- 6.4 Diseases due to air pollution -- 6.4.1 Lungs -- 6.4.1.1 Asthma -- 6.4.1.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- 6.4.1.3 Lung cancer -- 6.4.1.4 Pneumonia -- 6.4.2 Heart -- 6.4.2.1 Hypertension -- 6.4.2.2 Ischemic heart disease -- 6.4.2.3 Heart attack -- 6.4.3 Brain -- 6.4.3.1 Parkinson's disease -- 6.4.3.2 Depression -- 6.4.3.3 Schizophrenia -- 6.4.4 Growing fetus -- 6.4.4.1 Preeclampsia -- 6.4.4.2 Hypertension -- 6.4.4.3 Placental abruption -- 6.4.4.4 Placenta previa -- 6.4.5 Endocrine -- 6.4.5.1 Obesity -- 6.4.5.2 Diabetes -- 6.5 Economic cost -- 6.6 Mitigation.
6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Association between long term air pollution and increased blood pressure and hypertension -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Pathophysiology of blood pressure -- 7.3 Effects of traffic-related air pollution on blood pressure -- 7.4 Adverse effects of air impairment on hypertension in vulnerable populations -- 7.4.1 Adolescents -- 7.4.2 Pregnant women -- 7.5 A clinical approach to preventing hypertension by reducing pollution exposure -- 7.6 Results -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8 A comprehensive review of the relationship between air pollution and type 2 diabetes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Air pollution effects on endocrine glands -- 8.1.2 Sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the air -- 8.2 Type 2 diabetes: definition, classification, and pathophysiology -- 8.2.1 Classification of type 2 diabetes -- 8.2.2 Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes -- 8.2.3 Gender differences in type 2 diabetes -- 8.2.4 Age differences in type 2 diabetes -- 8.3 The mechanism of diabetes caused by air pollution -- 8.3.1 Mechanisms of air pollution on type 2 diabetes -- 8.3.2 Gender differences in susceptibility to air pollution-induced type 2 diabetes -- 8.3.3 Age-related effects of air pollution on type 2 diabetes -- 8.3.4 The role of inflammation in the association between air pollution and glucose metabolism -- 8.3.5 The impacts of PM2.5-induced oxidative stress on insulin and fat metabolism -- 8.3.6 Participation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in PM2.5-induced disruption of glucose metabolism -- 8.4 Impact of air pollution on type 2 diabetes mellitus in economically diverse countries -- 8.5 Future research directions -- 8.5.1 Identification of high-risk populations -- 8.5.2 Mechanisms underlying the link between air pollution and type 2 diabetes -- 8.5.3 Long-term impacts of air pollution exposure.
8.5.4 Interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on type 2 diabetes -- 8.6 Future directions and research needs -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9 Air pollution and the skin diseases -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sources and various types of air pollutants -- 9.2.1 Particulate matter -- 9.2.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 9.2.3 Metals -- 9.2.4 Volatile organic compounds -- 9.2.5 Toxic gases -- 9.3 How do pollutants enter the skin? -- 9.4 Vulnerable populations -- 9.5 Skin diseases associated with air pollution -- 9.6 Protection and mitigation strategies -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 A comprehensive review of the relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular disease -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Air pollution -- 10.1.1.1 Outdoor air pollution -- 10.1.1.2 Indoor air pollution -- 10.1.2 Common air pollutants -- 10.1.3 Air pollution and noncommunicable diseases -- 10.1.4 Air Pollution and cardiovascular disease -- 10.1.5 Air pollutants mechanism and how it can affect cardiovascular disease function -- 10.1.5.1 Coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease -- 10.1.5.2 Congestive heart failure -- 10.1.5.3 Myocardial infarction -- 10.1.5.4 Peripheral arterial disease -- 10.1.5.5 Aortic aneurysms -- 10.1.5.6 Stroke -- 10.1.6 opportunities and recommendations -- 10.2 Conclusion -- References -- 11 A review of economic burden and negative health impacts due to air pollution -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 An overview of current air pollution status -- 11.3 Health cost and air pollution -- 11.4 Air pollution economic burden -- 11.5 Future outlook -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.
edited by Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Rama Rao Karri, Teresa Vera, Salwa Kamal Mohamed Hassan.