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Air pollution, human health, and the environment
This book provides a comprehensive exploration of indoor air pollution, focusing on its sources, occurrence, and effects on human health and the environment. Edited by experts in environmental health, engineering, and atmospheric research, it covers a wide range of pollutants including biological, chemical, and particulate matter. The book discusses the health impacts such as respiratory diseases, neurological effects, and long-term implications of exposure to indoor pollutants. It also examines monitoring techniques, mitigation strategies, and policy measures to improve indoor air quality. Aimed at researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, the volume emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and awareness to address the challenges of indoor air pollution.
Front Cover -- Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Classification, sources, and occurrence of indoor air pollutants: a comprehensive overview -- Acronyms -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of indoor air pollutants -- 1.2.1 Biological pollutants -- 1.2.1.1 Mold and fungi -- 1.2.1.2 Bacteria and viruses -- 1.2.1.3 Dust mites and allergens -- 1.2.1.4 Allergens -- 1.2.2 Chemical pollutants -- 1.2.2.1 Volatile organic compounds -- 1.2.2.2 Formaldehyde and other aldehydes -- 1.2.2.3 Pesticides and herbicides -- 1.2.2.4 Radon gas -- 1.2.3 Particulate matter -- 1.2.3.1 PM2.5 and PM10 -- 1.2.3.2 Sources of PM -- 1.2.4 Combustion byproducts -- 1.2.4.1 Carbon monoxide -- 1.2.4.2 Nitrogen dioxide -- 1.2.4.3 Sulfur dioxide -- 1.3 Sources of indoor air pollutants -- 1.3.1 Building materials and furnishings -- 1.3.2 Household products and cleaning agents -- 1.3.3 Cooking and combustion processes -- 1.3.4 Tobacco smoke -- 1.3.5 HVAC systems and air pollutants -- 1.4 Occurrence of indoor air pollutants -- 1.4.1 Factors affecting indoor pollutant levels -- 1.4.1.1 Ventilation rates -- 1.4.2 Building design and construction -- 1.4.3 Occupant behavior -- 1.4.4 Seasonal variations -- 1.4.5 Common indoor air pollutants in different environments -- 1.4.5.1 Residential buildings -- 1.4.5.2 Schools and educational institutions -- 1.4.5.3 Offices and workplaces -- 1.4.5.4 Hospitals and healthcare facilities -- 1.5 Monitoring and measurement techniques -- 1.5.1 Sampling methods for indoor air pollutants -- 1.5.2 Analytical techniques for pollutant identification and quantification -- 1.5.3 Indoor air quality monitoring devices -- 1.6 Health effects and impacts -- 1.6.1 Respiratory issues and allergies.
1.6.2 Asthma and other respiratory diseases -- 1.6.3 Cardiovascular effects -- 1.6.4 Neurological and cognitive impacts -- 1.6.5 Long-term health implications -- 1.7 Mitigation and prevention strategies -- 1.7.1 Ventilation and air exchange -- 1.7.2 Air filtration and purification systems -- 1.7.3 Source control and elimination -- 1.7.4 Regulation and policy measures -- 1.7.5 Education and awareness campaigns -- 1.8 Conclusions -- 1.8.1 Future directions and research needs -- References -- 2 Household air pollution and human health -- Acronym -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Main pollutants in indoor air environment -- 2.2.1 Building materials -- 2.2.2 Radon -- 2.2.3 Smoking -- 2.2.4 Cooking-related household air pollution -- 2.2.5 Perfumes, deodorants, and cleaning agents -- 2.2.6 Insecticides and pest control -- 2.2.7 Biological agents -- 2.2.8 Other sources -- 2.2.8.1 Asbestos -- 2.2.8.2 Heavy metals -- 2.2.9 New sources -- 2.2.9.1 Microplastics -- 2.2.9.2 Electronic equipment -- 2.2.10 Effects of household air pollution -- 2.2.11 Deaths related to IAP -- 2.2.12 Current strategies -- 2.2.13 Innovative methods to monitor the level of IAP -- 2.3 Future prospects -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Epidemiological aspects of indoor air pollution -- List of abbreviation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Epidemiology of indoor air pollution-related disease -- 3.2.1 Health effects of exposure to indoor air pollution -- 3.2.1.1 Immediate or short-term effects -- 3.2.1.2 Long-term effects -- 3.2.2 Common indoor air pollution-related diseases -- 3.2.2.1 Asthma -- 3.2.2.2 Rhinitis -- 3.2.2.3 Dermatitis -- 3.2.2.4 Eye-related symptoms -- 3.2.2.5 Sleep problems -- 3.2.2.6 Sick building syndrome -- 3.2.2.7 Infection -- 3.2.2.8 Cancer -- 3.3 Indoor air pollution in different environments -- 3.3.1 Residential space -- 3.3.2 Classroom and school environment.
3.3.3 A daycare center and nursing home -- 3.3.4 Office spaces -- 3.3.5 Hospitals and healthcare facilities -- 3.3.6 Other public facilities -- 3.4 Using epidemiological approaches to study the adverse effects of indoor air pollution -- 3.4.1 Cross-sectional study -- 3.4.2 Case-control study -- 3.4.3 Cohort study -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Bioaerosols and their health effects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bioaerosols: origin and sources -- 4.3 Health hazards of bioaerosol exposure -- 4.3.1 Respiratory diseases -- 4.3.2 Conjunctivitis -- 4.3.3 Skin-related diseases -- 4.3.4 Infectious diseases -- 4.3.5 Sick building syndrome -- 4.3.6 Poor sleep quality -- 4.4 Minimizing bioaerosol exposure -- 4.4.1 Increase ventilation -- 4.4.2 Regular cleaning -- 4.4.3 Air filtration -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Poor indoor air quality impacts in industrial and non-industrial workplace to human health: the recent trends and control... -- Abbreviations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Type and sources of indoor air pollutants -- 5.3 Indoor sources -- 5.4 Outdoor sources -- 5.5 Exposure pattern and health impacts of indoor air pollutants -- 5.6 Factors influencing indoor air quality -- 5.7 Human activity -- 5.8 Geographic variations in indoor air quality -- 5.9 Building factors -- 5.10 Monitoring and controlling indoor air quality -- 5.11 Continuous sampling -- 5.12 Integrated sampling -- 5.13 Grab sampling -- 5.14 Controlling air pollutants sources -- 5.15 Utilization of personal protective equipment for all employees -- 5.16 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Environmental and health effects due to inorganic air pollutants -- Abbreviation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sources of inorganic particulates -- 6.2.1 Cigarette smoking -- 6.2.2 Heating and lighting process -- 6.2.3 Cooking areas -- 6.3 Buildings and physical environments.
6.4 Health impact of inorganic pollutants exposure -- 6.4.1 Respiratory failure -- 6.4.2 Dermatitis and skin aging problems -- 6.4.3 Infant death and cognitive impairment -- 6.5 Controlling the inorganic pollutants and future challenges -- 6.5.1 Tobacco control policy -- 6.5.2 Clean fuel substitution -- 6.5.3 Air filter intervention -- 6.5.4 Monitoring of inorganic pollutants -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Conflict of interest -- References -- 7 A comprehensive review of the potential outcomes of exposure to tobacco smoke or secondhand smoke -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Smoking exposure pathways -- 7.1.2 Tobacco constituents -- 7.1.2.1 Nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine -- 7.1.2.2 Aldehydes -- 7.1.2.3 Heavy metal contents -- 7.1.2.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 7.1.2.5 Polyphenols -- 7.1.3 Cigarette policies -- 7.1.3.1 Overview of local regulations -- 7.1.3.2 Scope of prohibited areas -- 7.1.3.3 Enforcement and penalties -- 7.1.3.4 Public reception and impact -- 7.1.4 Opportunities and recommendation -- 7.2 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Environmental and health effects due to volatile organic compounds -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biogenic sources of volatile organic compounds -- 8.3 Anthropogenic sources of volatile organic compounds -- 8.3.1 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene -- 8.3.2 Formaldehyde -- 8.3.3 Acetaldehyde -- 8.3.4 Acetone -- 8.4 Volatile organic compound removal technologies -- 8.5 Opportunities and recommendations -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Ventilation and indoor air quality -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Indoor air pollutant versus indoor air quality -- 9.3 Time spent in indoor environment -- 9.4 Indoor air quality guidelines and standards -- 9.5 Impact of ventilation on indoor air quality -- 9.6 Indoor air quality and ventilation -- 9.6.1 Indoor humidity and ventilation -- 9.6.2 Airborne pollutants.
9.7 Role of ventilation in decreasing potential health dangers -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.
edited by Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Rama Rao Karri, Teresa Vera, Salwa Kamal Mohamed Hassan.