http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Recent and future trends in pharmaceutics
Novel Formulations and Future Trends, Volume Three in the Recent and Future Trends in Pharmaceutics series, explores aspects of pharmaceutics with an original approach focused on technology, novelties and future trends.
Front Cover -- Novel Formulations and Future Trends -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- I. Novel formulations -- 1 Controlled release drug delivery systems: principles and design -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Concepts -- 1.1.2 Classification of controlled drug delivery system -- 1.2 Terminology -- 1.3 Rationale for controlled release drug delivery systems -- 1.4 Advantages of CRDDS -- 1.5 Challenges and disadvantages of CRDDS -- 1.6 Characteristics of drug to be developed as CRDDS -- 1.7 Factors governing the design of controlled release formulations -- 1.7.1 Biological factors -- 1.7.1.1 Drug release rate -- 1.7.1.2 Biological half-life -- 1.7.1.3 Absorption rate -- 1.7.1.4 Distribution -- 1.7.1.5 Metabolism -- 1.7.1.6 Protein drug interaction -- 1.7.1.7 Elimination -- 1.7.1.8 Duration of action -- 1.7.1.9 Therapeutic index -- 1.7.1.10 Personalization in pathophysiological condition -- 1.7.2 Physicochemical properties -- 1.7.2.1 Molecular size and weight -- 1.7.2.2 Solubility -- 1.7.2.3 Partition coefficient/apparent partition coefficient -- 1.7.2.4 Drug pKa and ionization at physiological pH -- 1.7.2.5 Drug stability -- 1.7.2.6 Mechanism of absorption -- 1.8 Approaches in designing CRDDS -- 1.8.1 Diffusion-controlled delivery system -- 1.8.1.1 Reservoir system -- 1.8.1.2 Monolithic matrix system -- 1.8.2 Dissolution CRDDS -- 1.8.2.1 Encapsulated dissolution CRDDS -- 1.8.2.2 Matrix dissolution CRDDS -- 1.8.3 Ion-exchange resin CRDDS -- 1.8.4 Osmotic CRDDS -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Microencapsulation: methodologies and applications -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Definition -- 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of microencapsulation -- 2.2.1 Advantages -- 2.2.2 Disadvantages -- 2.3 Microspheres/microcapsules and microparticles -- 2.4 Methods of microencapsulation -- 2.4.1 Spray drying -- 2.4.2 Spray congealing.
2.4.3 Freeze drying -- 2.4.4 Solvent evaporation -- 2.4.5 Polymer encapsulation by rapid expansion of supercritical fluids -- 2.4.5.1 Rapid expansion of supercritical solution -- 2.4.5.2 Gas antisolvent process -- 2.4.5.3 Particles from a gas-saturated solution -- 2.4.6 Air suspension method -- 2.4.7 Pan coating -- 2.4.8 Coacervation -- 2.4.9 Interfacial polymerization -- 2.4.10 In situ polymerization -- 2.4.11 Extrusion -- 2.4.12 Centrifugal extrusion -- 2.4.13 Centrifugal suspension separation -- 2.4.14 Liposomal entrapment -- 2.4.15 Emulsion solvent evaporation -- 2.4.15.1 Single emulsion method -- 2.4.15.2 Double emulsion method -- 2.4.16 Emulsification thermal gelation -- 2.4.17 Emulsification ionic gelation -- 2.4.18 Sol-gel encapsulation based on silicon chemistry -- 2.4.19 Molecular inclusion complexation -- 2.4.20 Cocrystallization -- 2.5 Applications of microencapsulation -- 2.5.1 Examples of pharmaceutical applications -- 2.5.1.1 Analgesic -- 2.5.1.2 Steroids -- 2.5.1.3 Vitamins -- 2.5.1.4 Sedatives and hypnotics -- 2.5.1.5 Antibiotics -- 2.5.1.6 Miscellaneous pharmaceutical -- 2.5.1.7 Aerosol formulation -- 2.5.1.8 Chemotherapeutic agents -- 2.5.1.9 Prostaglandins -- 2.5.1.10 Radiopharmaceuticals -- 2.5.1.11 Drug delivery -- 2.5.2 Examples of nonpharmaceutical applications -- 2.5.2.1 Veterinary uses -- 2.5.2.2 Health and beauty aids -- 2.5.2.3 Antidote and artificial kidney use -- 2.5.2.4 Cell immobilization -- 2.5.2.5 Quality and safety in agricultural, environmental sectors, and food -- 2.5.2.6 Soil inoculation -- 2.5.3 Future prospect of microencapsulation -- References -- 3 Recent development in mucosal drug delivery system -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physiological characteristics of the mucus layer -- 3.3 Mucoadhesion-related theories -- 3.3.1 Dehydration theory -- 3.3.2 Diffusion theory -- 3.3.3 Adsorption theory.
3.3.4 Electron theory -- 3.3.5 Wetting theory -- 3.3.6 Mechanical theory -- 3.4 Commonly used mucoadhesive polymers -- 3.4.1 Charge attraction: cationic polymers -- 3.4.2 Hydrogen bonds: anionic polymers -- 3.4.3 Entanglement: nonionic polymers -- 3.4.4 Disulfide bridge: thiolated polymers -- 3.5 The absorption pathway of mucosal drug delivery system -- 3.5.1 Transcellular pathway -- 3.5.2 Paracellular pathway -- 3.6 Recent development and formulation considerations in mucosal drug delivery -- 3.6.1 Buccal mucosa drug delivery -- 3.6.1.1 Buccal mucosa drug delivery preparations -- 3.6.1.1.1 Buccal tablets -- 3.6.1.1.2 Buccal films -- 3.6.1.1.3 Nanoparticles -- 3.6.1.1.4 Spray -- 3.6.1.1.5 Lozenges -- 3.6.1.2 Quality evaluation -- 3.6.1.2.1 Drug release behavior evaluation -- 3.6.1.2.2 Mucoadhesion evaluation -- 3.6.1.2.3 Mucosal permeability evaluation -- 3.6.1.2.4 Mechanical properties evaluation of buccal film -- 3.6.2 Nasal mucosa drug delivery -- 3.6.3 Pulmonary mucosa drug delivery -- 3.6.4 Rectal mucosa drug delivery -- 3.6.5 Vaginal mucosa drug delivery -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Implantable drug delivery systems: design and applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Classification of implantable drug delivery system -- 4.2.1 Drug implants -- 4.2.1.1 Passive polymeric implants -- 4.2.1.2 Non-biodegradable implants -- 4.2.1.3 Biodegradable implants -- 4.2.1.4 Active or dynamic polymeric implants -- 4.2.2 Implanted pump systems -- 4.2.2.1 Infusion pumps -- 4.2.2.2 Peristaltic pumps -- 4.2.2.3 Osmotic pumps -- 4.2.2.4 Positive displacement pumps -- 4.2.2.5 Controlled release micropumps -- 4.3 Mechanisms of drug release from implantable drug delivery systems -- 4.3.1 Mechanism of drug release from non-biodegradable implants -- 4.3.2 Mechanism of drug release from biodegradable implants.
4.4 Interaction of the implant composites and immune reaction -- 4.4.1 Foreign body reaction -- 4.4.1.1 Stages of foreign body reaction against implantable drug delivery system -- 4.4.1.1.1 Protein absorption -- 4.4.1.1.2 Acute inflammation -- 4.4.1.1.3 Proliferative phase -- 4.4.1.1.4 Fibrotic encapsulation of the implants -- 4.4.1.2 Prevention of foreign body reaction -- 4.4.1.2.1 Releasing of tissue response modifiers -- Nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs -- Glucocorticoids -- Anti-fibrotic agents -- Gene silencing -- 4.4.2 The modification of implant surface -- 4.4.3 Mechanisms of development of implantable drug delivery system -- 4.4.3.1 Body resistance to the implanted drug -- 4.4.3.2 Localized therapy using an implanted drug delivery system -- 4.4.3.2.1 Stimuli-responsive platforms -- Endogenous stimuli-responsive -- PH-responsive -- Enzyme responsive -- Redox responsive -- 4.4.3.2.2 Exogenous stimuli-responsive -- Thermoresponsive systems -- Ultrasound responsive -- Magnetically responsive drug delivery -- Electric field responsive -- Others -- 4.5 Carrier-free nanocrystals -- 4.5.1 Difference between carrier-dependent and carrier-free drug delivery system -- 4.5.2 Developed carrier-free for target drug release -- 4.5.3 Applications of carrier-free nanocrystals in drug delivery -- 4.5.4 Multilayer films -- 4.5.4.1 Formation of multilayer film -- 4.5.4.2 Application of multilayer films as a drug delivery agent -- 4.5.4.3 The role of nanoparticles in implantable drug delivery system -- 4.5.5 The designs of implantable drug delivery system -- 4.5.5.1 According to their chemical composition -- 4.5.5.2 According to shape -- 4.5.5.3 According to surface chemistry -- 4.5.5.4 Applications of implantable drug delivery systems -- 4.5.5.4.1 Polymer's role -- 4.5.5.4.2 Cancer -- 4.5.5.4.3 Pain relief -- 4.5.5.4.4 Prostate cancer.
4.5.5.4.5 Ocular therapy -- 4.5.5.4.6 Contraception -- 4.5.5.4.7 Dental application -- 4.5.5.4.8 Alzheimer's disease -- References -- 5 Transdermal drug delivery systems: principles, design, and applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Structure of skin and barriers -- 5.2.1 Skin structure -- 5.2.1.1 Epidermis (external layer) -- 5.2.1.2 Dermis -- 5.2.1.3 Hypodermis -- 5.2.2 Skin barriers -- 5.3 Permeation through skin -- 5.4 Factors affecting permeation -- 5.4.1 Drug physiochemical properties -- 5.4.1.1 Size of drug molecules and molecular weight -- 5.4.1.2 Partition coefficient and solubility -- 5.4.1.3 Drug concentration -- 5.4.1.4 pH conditions -- 5.4.2 Formulation characteristics -- 5.4.2.1 The rate of drug release -- 5.4.2.2 Ingredients of formulation -- 5.4.2.3 Presence of permeation enhancers -- 5.4.3 Skin conditions physiological and pathological -- 5.4.3.1 Skin hydration -- 5.4.3.2 Skin temperature -- 5.4.3.3 Skin age -- 5.4.3.4 Blood flow -- 5.4.3.5 Pathology of the skin -- 5.4.3.6 Regional site of skin -- 5.4.3.7 Skin flora and enzymes -- 5.5 Permeation enhancers -- 5.6 Basic components of transdermal drug delivery system -- 5.6.1 Matrix or monolithic -- 5.6.1.1 Reservoir or membrane -- 5.7 Formulation approaches and evaluation -- 5.8 Advantages and disadvantages -- 5.9 Future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Gastroretentive drug delivery approaches for oral bioavailability improvement -- 6.1 Gastroretentive drug delivery systems-a background discussion -- 6.2 Anatomy and physiological aspects of gastroretentive drug delivery systems -- 6.2.1 Stomach -- 6.2.2 Gastrointestinal motility and emptying of foods -- 6.3 Prominent factors controlling gastroretention of dosage forms -- 6.3.1 Shapes and sizes of dosage forms -- 6.3.2 Density of dosage forms -- 6.3.3 Types of dosage forms: single-units or multiple-units.
edited by Amit Kumar Nayak and Kalyan Kumar Sen.