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HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders /

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) presents a complex and evolving challenge in the context of HIV-1 infection and treatment. This comprehensive volume dives into the clinical manifestations, molecular and cellular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies underlying HAND and its associated...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Hu, Guoku (Editor), Xiong, Huangui (Editor), Buch, Shilpa (Editor)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: London : Academic Press, 2024.
Subjects:
HIV infections > Complications.
Nervous system > Diseases.
Nervous System Diseases
Infections à VIH > Complications et séquelles.
Système nerveux > Maladies.
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
  • HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • The neuroHIV journey
  • References
  • Preface
  • 1
  • An overview of the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection, latency, pathogenesis, and eradication strategies from the CNS
  • Introduction
  • Main HIV-1 reservoirs
  • HIV targets in the central nervous system
  • Blood-brain barrier, a unique barrier
  • CNS, an important HIV reservoir
  • Compartmentalized HIV infection in the CNS
  • HIV latency in the CNS
  • The mechanisms of latency
  • Microglial cells, the main HIV target in the CNS
  • HIV-1 infection in astrocytes
  • HIV-1 reservoir and pathogenesis in the CNS
  • HIV-1-associated encephalopathy
  • HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders
  • Effect of ART on HAND
  • Strategies to eradicate HIV-1 from the CNS reservoirs
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART)
  • Latency reactivating agents for "shock and kill" strategy
  • Latency-promoting agents for "block and lock" strategy
  • Main immunotherapeutic innovations
  • Gene-editing approaches
  • Therapeutic vaccines
  • Future prospectives
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 2
  • Central nervous system complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection
  • Introduction
  • HIV molecular biology
  • HIV life cycle
  • Antiretroviral therapy
  • HIV immunopathogenesis
  • HIV and CD4+ T cells
  • End organ disease
  • Nervous system comorbidities
  • HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
  • Adjunctive therapies for NeuroHIV
  • Future prospective
  • Conflict of interest statement
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 3
  • Health literacy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
  • What is health literacy?
  • Measurement of health literacy
  • Health literacy in HIV disease
  • HIV and the brain
  • Health literacy and the brain.
  • HIV, health literacy, and neuropsychological functioning
  • Medication management
  • A systematic review of the literature on HIV, health literacy, and neuropsychological functioning
  • Observational neuropsychological studies of health literacy in PLWH
  • Experimental neuropsychological studies of memory and health literacy in PLWH
  • The internet, health literacy, and neurocognition in PLWH
  • Health literacy as a modulator of known neurocognitive associations in PLWH
  • Summary and future directions
  • Practical recommendations
  • References
  • 4
  • Neuroimaging insights into the CNS effects of HIV infection
  • Introduction
  • Brain structure: white matter, basal ganglia, and cortical involvement
  • Brain metabolites: support for neuronal damage and neuroinflammation
  • Brain activity: altered function and connectivity at rest and during tasks
  • Brain metabolism and microglial activation: evidence for neuroinflammation
  • Considerations and future directions
  • References
  • 5
  • Endolysosome iron: Early and upstream subcellular organellar events associated with HAND
  • Introduction
  • Iron and endolysosomes
  • Iron and mitochondria
  • Iron and endoplasmic reticulum
  • Iron and nuclei
  • Conclusions
  • Author contributions statement
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 6
  • White matter loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in HAND
  • Introduction
  • The importance of the myelin membrane in nervous system function
  • White matter dysfunction in HIV before and after antiretroviral therapy
  • How does HIV cause cellular stress in oligodendrocytes?
  • Models of HIV-HAND
  • Effects of ARVs on oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 7
  • Pathogenesis of HIV-associated pain
  • Neuropathology in pain circuits
  • Etiological causes
  • Potential pathogenic mechanisms
  • Neuronal mechanisms.
  • Potential mechanisms mediated by glial and other nonneuronal cells
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite glial cells
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 8
  • Neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neuropathic pain
  • Introduction
  • Neuropathic pain processing
  • Pain sensitization
  • Disinhibition
  • Neuroimmune interface in pain processing
  • HIV-associated sensory neuropathy
  • Role of HIV gp120, inflammation, cytokines, and chemokines
  • Neurotoxicity induced by HAART
  • HIV-associated pain models
  • HIV protein-related pain models
  • ART-related pain models
  • Models of combination of gp120 and NRTIs
  • Factors contributing to multi-morbidity in HIV chronic pain
  • Aging in HIV chronic pain
  • Substance abuse in HIV chronic pain
  • Neuropsychiatric factors
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 9
  • Neuropathic pain in HIV and the role of the autophagy pathway
  • Introduction-neuropathic pain
  • Neuropathic pain and HIV
  • Therapeutic treatments against neuropathic pain
  • Autophagy and pain
  • Autophagy and alleviation of neuropathic pain
  • Autophagy stimulants
  • Autophagy inhibitors
  • Autophagy dysfunction underlies neuropathic pain
  • Autophagy, HIV-NP, and opioid abuse
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 10
  • Host peripheral immune dynamics increase HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders incidence and progression
  • Introduction to HAND pathogenesis
  • Peripheral inflammation and HIV
  • Barrier dysfunction during HIV
  • Microbial translocation and HAND
  • HIV and microbiome
  • Microbiome and monocytes
  • Monocytes and HAND
  • Gut inflammation and CNS monocyte trafficking
  • Peripheral inflammation and BBB permeability
  • Neurogenesis and neurodegeneration
  • Inflammation, neurogenesis, and HAND
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References.
  • 11
  • The role of immunometabolism in HIV-associated depression and cognitive impairment
  • Introduction
  • Immunometabolism in HIV-associated depression
  • Pathways contributing to depression in PWH
  • mTOR and depression
  • The NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammaging, and depression
  • The interaction and relevance of mTOR and NLRP3 in HIV
  • Clinical implications of mTOR and NLRP3 inhibition
  • Inflammation in HIV-associated depression
  • Neurobiochemical/neuroendocrine pathways
  • Factors associated with depression in PWH
  • Gender
  • Immunometabolism in HAND
  • Inflammation in HAND
  • The role of immunity in HAND
  • Immune activation and neuroinflammation in HAND
  • Monocytes/macrophages
  • T cells
  • Inflammatory mediators
  • Endothelial cells
  • Microglia
  • Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
  • Neurotoxicity of HIV proteins associated with HAND
  • Antiretroviral neurotoxicity in HAND
  • Factors associated with HAND in PWH
  • Gender
  • Summary
  • References
  • 12
  • Role of extracellular viral regulatory proteins in neuropathogenesis
  • Introduction
  • Gp120
  • Structure and function
  • Secretion
  • Pathogenesis
  • Genetic variation
  • Tat
  • Structure and function
  • Chronic viral protein secretion
  • Pathogenesis
  • NMDA receptors (NMDAR)
  • DOPA receptors
  • Genetic variation
  • Vpr
  • Structure and function
  • Secretion
  • Pathogenesis
  • Blood-brain barrier
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Neurons
  • Genetics
  • Nef
  • Structure and function and important genetic variants
  • Secretion and extracellular pathogenesis
  • Conclusions
  • Genetic distribution of neurotoxic risk factors
  • References
  • 13
  • Role of inflammasomes in HIV-1 and drug abuse-mediated neuroinflammation
  • Introduction
  • Inflammasomes
  • Types of inflammasomes
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Neuroinflammation in HIV-1 infection and drug use disorders.
  • Role of inflammasomes in HIV infection and drug use disorders
  • Role of microglia in inflammasome activation
  • Role of astrocytes in inflammasome activation
  • Role of neurons in inflammasome activation
  • Roles of extracellular vesicles in inflammasome activation
  • Targeting inflammasomes as therapeutics
  • Pharmacological inhibition of inflammasome
  • Indirect pharmacological inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling pathway
  • Direct pharmacological inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling pathway
  • Pharmacological inhibitors of the inflammasome signaling components
  • Outstanding questions
  • Conclusion and future perspectives
  • References
  • 14
  • The contribution of myeloid cells to HIV neuropathogenesis
  • Introduction
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages/microglia
  • Conclusion
  • Gaps in knowledge and suggested future research
  • References
  • 15
  • Immunophilin ligands modulate phagocytosis and viral replication in HIV-infected macrophages
  • Immunophilin ligands and neuro-HIV
  • IPLs impacting HIV replication, and the role of IL-6
  • Structural and functional alterations in macrophages by HIV and IPLs
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • 16
  • Immunometabolic mechanisms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and traumatic brain injury: Commonalitie ...
  • Introduction
  • Metabolic signatures
  • Brief intro to glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation
  • Metabolic signature of HAND
  • Metabolic signature of TBI
  • Metabolic signatures conclusion and future directions
  • Immunometabolism
  • Glial cells and metabolic reprogramming
  • Inflammatory gene expression and transcription factors
  • Brain macrophages
  • Brain macrophages in HAND
  • Brain macrophages in TBI
  • Brain macrophages conclusion and future directions
  • Astroglia
  • Astroglia in HAND
  • Astroglia in TBI
  • Astroglia conclusion and future directions.