Clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis essentials and current updates /
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting the brain and spinal cord.Despite significant advances in treatment modalities the prognosis of this patient population is still poor.
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
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Amsterdam :
Academic Press,
2024.
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Clinical Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis Essentials and Current Updates
- Clinical Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis Essentials and Current Updates
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgment
- 1
- Introduction to multiple sclerosis: Subtypes, pathogenesis, and diagnostic criteria
- Introduction
- Multiple sclerosis: knowledge and inference
- Multiple sclerosis: epidemiology
- Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis
- Multiple sclerosis: histological classification
- Multiple sclerosis: clinical classification
- Multiple sclerosis: diagnostic criteria
- Multiple sclerosis: new formalized terms-CIS and RIS
- Clinically isolated syndrome
- Radiologically isolated syndrome
- Case example
- Multiple sclerosis: history and future prospects
- Conflict of interest statement
- References
- 2
- An overview of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
- Overview and epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical presentation
- Histopathological findings
- Radiological findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Treatment of acute attacks
- Preventative (maintenance) therapy
- Off-label disease-modifying therapies
- Rituximab
- Azathioprine
- Mycophenolate mofetil
- Methotrexate
- FDA-approved therapies
- Targeting the complement system (eculizumab, soliris)
- Targeting B-lymphocytes cells: (inebilizumab)
- Targeting the IL-6 receptor (satralizumab, enspryng)
- Emerging therapies and ongoing trials
- Tocilizumab
- Aquaporumab (rAb-53)
- Bevacizumab
- Ublituximab
- Autologous hematological stem cell transplantation
- Conflict of interest statement
- References
- 3
- Epidemiology, epigenetics, and etiological factors in multiple sclerosis
- Prevalence and geography
- Demographics
- Genetics
- Genome wide association studies
- Interleukin 7 receptor alpha, interleukin 2 receptor alpha.
- Humoral immune system (belimumab, ixazomib)
- Immune tolerance (ANK-700, Tol-Dec, Neurovax)
- Neural protection and antioxidation (N-acetyl cysteine, lipoic acid)
- Microbiome
- Stem cells therapies
- Treatment failure
- When to start
- When to switch
- When to discontinue
- Escalation versus early intense therapy for multiple sclerosis
- Treatment of clinically and radiologically isolated syndrome
- COVID and DMT
- Conflict of interest statement
- References
- 6
- Treatment guidelines and considerations for pediatric multiple sclerosis
- Epidemiology
- Risk factors
- Pathophysiology
- T cells responses
- B cells-antibodies
- CSF proteomics
- Diagnostic criteria
- Clinical presentation
- Disease course
- Cognitive deficits
- Disability accrual
- Acute symptoms
- Cognitive impairment
- Clinical outcomes
- Alternate diagnosis and mimics
- Diagnostic evaluation
- MRI
- CSF
- MRI findings
- Treatment approach
- Goal
- Approach
- Challenges
- Acute treatment
- Disease modifying agents
- References
- 7
- Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy management: From preconception to postpartum
- Introduction
- Prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpregnancy planning in patients with MS
- Treatment of MS relapses during pregnancy and breastfeeding
- Effects of breastfeeding on MS
- Role of vitamin D in preventing postpartum relapse of MS
- Best practice recommendations-disease-modifying therapies for pregnant women who have multiple sclerosis
- Best practice recommendations: Disease-modifying therapies and lactation in women with MS
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 8
- Rare variant of multiple sclerosis
- Introduction
- Tumefactive MS
- Disease overview and epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical findings
- Radiologic findings
- Histopathology findings
- Investigations and diagnosis
- Management.
- Balo's concentric sclerosis
- Disease overview and epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical findings
- Radiological findings
- Histopathological findings
- Investigations and diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Schilder's disease
- Disease overview and epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical picture
- Radiological findings
- Histopathological findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Marburg MS
- Disease overview and epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical picture
- Radiological findings
- Histopathological findings
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Conflict of interest statement
- References
- 9
- Neuroimaging in multiple sclerosis and related disorders: Advancements and concepts
- Imaging protocols: brain, cervical and thoracic cord, and orbit
- Protocol for brain imaging
- Protocol for cervical and thoracic cord imaging
- Protocol for orbit imaging
- Imaging findings of brain, spinal cord, and orbits in MS
- Brain imaging findings
- Spinal cord imaging findings
- Orbital imaging findings
- MS variants and differential diagnosis
- Balo concentric sclerosis
- Marburg variant
- Schilder's disease
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
- Neuro Behçet disease
- Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
- Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids
- Adult-onset leukodystrophy
- Migraine
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
- Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Neuro sarcoidosis
- Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
- Susac syndrome
- Acute transverse myelopathy
- Newer imaging studies in multiple sclerosis
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Ultra-high-field MRI
- Central vein sign
- Diffusion tensor imaging.
- Artificial intelligence
- Dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion MRI
- Paramagnetic rim and iron deposits
- Additional imaging in ultra-high-field MRI
- References
- 10
- Optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: Diagnostic applications
- Introduction
- Role of OCT in multiple sclerosis
- Diagnosis of prior unilateral or bilateral optic neuritis
- Differentiating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuritis from multiple scle ...
- Monitoring MS patients on fingolimod
- Monitoring of disease activity in multiple sclerosis
- Prognostication value for MS
- OCT angiography
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Further reading
- 11
- Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Cognitive functions and cognitive reserve
- Attention and processing speed
- Cognitive processing speed
- Attention
- Executive functioning
- Learning and memory
- Visual perception
- Language
- Cognitive reserve hypothesis
- Structural and imaging findings
- Cortical gray matter
- Thalamus
- Basal nuclei
- Hippocampus
- White matter
- Corpus callosum
- Ventricular enlargement
- Functional MRI changes
- Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
- Screening recommendations
- Symbol Digit Modalities Test
- Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Questionnaire
- Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
- Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
- Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS
- Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment
- Cognitive rehabilitation
- Restorative cognitive rehabilitation
- Compensatory cognitive rehabilitation
- Pharmacologic
- Exercise training
- Impact
- References
- Index.