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MXene-based hybrid nano-architectures for environmental remediation and sensor applications
Remedies to the problem of water scarcity are growing more and more significant, including desalination (DS) and the softening of ground, brackish, and ocean water. Brackish water DS and softening of water are regarded as an essential strategic option to meet the rising drinking water demand as an alternate to the supply of clean water. For the DS and softening of saltwater, a variety of methods are used nowadays. The most commonly employed methods for producing clean drinking water from different water sources include membrane-based methods such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, electrochemically-driven methods such as electrodeionization (EDI) and electrodialysis, thermally-driven methods such as membrane distillation and solar distillation, and other processes such as ion exchange and adsorption. The hybrid EDI method for brackish water DS and water softening (WS) has proven to be very effective. It also has significant environmental benefits, such as the replacement of hazardous chemicals with electricity, a membrane that lasts longer than any other membrane technique, and the production of extremely pure water. This chapter's goal was to examine the various methods used in DS and WS and its applications. Additionally, new developments in EDI's use in DS and WS have been investigated. In comparison with other methods, EDI outperforms in terms of both economic and regard for the environment.
Front Cover -- MXene-Based Hybrid Nano-Architectures for Environmental Remediation and Sensor Applications -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 MXenes in environmental applications -- 1 MXene-based hybrid nanoarchitectures: an introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis of MXene -- 1.3 Characteristics of MXenes -- 1.3.1 Structural properties -- 1.3.2 Electronic characteristics -- 1.3.3 Mechanical properties -- 1.3.4 Electrochemical properties -- 1.4 Applications of MXene-based nanoarchitectures -- 1.5 Summary and outlook -- References
2 Synthesis of element-doped MXenes and MXene-based hybrid nanomaterials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Synthesis of element-doped MXene -- 2.2.1 In-situ doping -- 2.2.2 Ex-situ doping -- 2.3 Synthesis of MXene-based hybrid -- 2.3.1 MXene (or MXene composite)-metal nanoparticles hybrids -- 2.3.2 MXene-metal oxide hybrid -- 2.3.3 MXene-metal sulfide (sulfur compound) hybrid -- 2.3.4 MXene- carbon based hybrid -- 2.3.5 MXene-organic hybrids -- 2.3.6 MXene-polymer hybrids -- References -- 3 MXene-based hybrid nanomaterials for sequestration of radionuclides and toxic ions -- 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis, surface modification, and functionalization of MXenes -- 3.3 MXenes as adsorbents to remove radionuclides and toxic ions -- 3.3.1 Uranium (U6+) -- 3.3.2 Thorium (Th) -- 3.3.3 Barium (Ba2+), strontium (Sr2+), and cesium (Cs) -- 3.3.4 Palladium (Pd) -- 3.3.5 Europium -- 3.3.6 Technetium -- 3.3.7 Other radionuclides -- 3.4 Regeneration of MXenes -- 3.5 Toxicity of MXene-based hybrid nanomaterials -- 3.6 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 4 MXene-based hybrid nanomaterials for efficient removal of toxic heavy metals -- Abbreviations -- 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis, surface modification, and functionalization of MXenes -- 4.3 MXenes-based adsorbents to remove toxic heavy metals -- 4.3.1 Adsorption behavior of MXenes -- 4.3.2 Adsorption mechanisms -- 4.3.3 Selected examples -- 4.4 Regeneration of MXenes -- 4.5 Commercial applications -- 4.6 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 5 MXene-based nanomaterials for anticorrosion applications -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 MXene-based nanomaterials for anticorrosion applications -- 5.2.1 Pristine MXene anticorrosion coating -- 5.2.2 Surface-functionalized MXene
5.2.3 MXene-based hybrid nanocomposites into polymeric matrixes -- 5.2.4 MXene-graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid composites -- 5.2.5 MXenes for multilayer protection systems -- 5.3 Conclusion and outlooks -- References -- 6 MXene-based nanomaterials to remove toxic heavy metals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure and synthesis of MXene -- 6.3 MXene-based hybrid nanomaterial -- 6.4 MXene-based hybrid nanomaterial for removal of heavy metals -- 6.5 Conclusion and futuristic approaches -- References -- 7 MXene-based hybrid nanomaterials for the removal of pharmaceutical-based pollutants
edited by Ram Gupta, Muhammad Bilal, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, Ghulam Yasin.
Includes bibliographical references and index.