http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Advanced technologies in electric vehicles
challenges and future research developments
Advanced Technologies in Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Future Research Developments discusses fundamental and advanced concepts, challenges, and future perspectives surrounding EVs. Sections cover advances and long-term challenges such as battery life span, efficiency, and power management systems. In addition, the book covers all aspects of the EV field, including vehicle performance, configuration, control strategy, design methodology, modeling and simulation for different conventional and modern vehicles based on mathematical equations. By tackling the fundamentals, theory and design of conventional electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), this book presents a comprehensive reference. Investment in hybrid and electric vehicle (EV) technology research has been increasing steadily in recent years, both from governments and within companies. The role of the combustion engine in causing climate change has put the automobile industry on a path of rapid evolution towards electric vehicles, bringing experts with a range of backgrounds into the field.
Front Cover -- Advanced Technologies in Electric Vehicles -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Part 1 Overview -- 1. An overview of hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Trends in hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.2.1 Architectures of hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.2.1.1 Series hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.2.1.2 Parallel hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.2.1.3 Series parallel hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.2.1.4 Complex hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.3 Hybrid energy storage system -- 1.3.1 Battery pack cooling system of hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.4 Bidirectional DC/AC converter -- 1.4.1 Current source inverter -- 1.4.2 Voltage source inverter -- 1.4.3 Impedance source inverters -- 1.5 Types of motors -- 1.5.1 Brushless DC -- 1.5.2 Induction motors -- 1.5.3 Permanent magnet synchronous motor -- 1.5.4 Switching reluctance motor -- 1.6 Scope for improvements -- 1.6.1 Problems with the batteries -- 1.6.2 The infrastructure for intelligent charging -- 1.6.3 Principal concerns regarding hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.6.4 Impact on grid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles -- 1.6.5 Government policies/subsidies/taxes -- 1.6.6 Financial -- 1.6.7 Price -- 1.6.8 Awareness among the public -- 1.7 Costs involved -- 1.7.1 Fuel cost -- 1.7.2 Electric vehicles cost -- 1.7.3 Maintenance cost -- 1.7.4 Depreciation cost -- 1.7.5 Rebates and incentives -- 1.8 General discussion -- 1.8.1 Start/stop system -- 1.8.2 Vehicle's energy management system -- 1.8.3 Energy stored in the vehicle's battery pack managed and balanced -- 1.8.3.1 Passive balancing -- 1.8.3.2 Active balancing -- 1.8.3.3 Thermal management -- 1.8.3.4 State of charge estimation -- 1.8.3.5 State of health estimation -- 1.8.3.6 Safety monitoring -- 1.8.4 Vehicle's maximum power output achievement.
1.8.5 Type of safety features are integrated into the vehicle's electrical system -- 1.8.5.1 Ground fault circuit interrupter -- 1.8.5.2 Fuse and circuit breakers -- 1.8.5.3 Battery disconnect switch -- 1.8.5.4 Overvoltage protection -- 1.8.5.5 Insulation and shielding -- 1.8.6 Efficiency of the power electronics used to control the electric motor and how is it optimized -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- 2. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle system and its future advanced technology -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 PHEV system advanced configurations -- 2.2.1 Vehicles to grid concept -- 2.2.2 PHEV fuzzy logic controller -- 2.2.2.1 PHEV architecture -- 2.2.2.2 Input functions -- 2.3 Energy management systems for HEVS/PHEVS -- 2.4 The battery life of PHEVs, significant impact on efficiency -- 2.4.1 Charging stations in India -- 2.4.2 PHEV efficiency -- 2.5 When PHEVs are plugged in to charge on already congested grid and future smart grid -- 2.5.1 Proposed system -- 2.5.2 Analysis -- 2.6 Algorithms for selecting motor options -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3. A review on modeling and estimation of state of charge of lithium-ion battery -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Modeling of Li-ion battery -- 3.2.1 Rint model -- 3.2.2 Thevenin model -- 3.2.3 PNGV model -- 3.2.4 General non-linear model -- 3.3 Estimation methods of state of charge -- 3.3.1 Direct measurement methods -- 3.3.2 OCV method -- 3.3.3 Terminal voltage method -- 3.3.4 Impedance method -- 3.3.5 Ampere-hour method -- 3.4 SOC estimation by indirect methods -- 3.4.1 State of charge estimation by neural network technique -- 3.4.2 Kalman filter -- 3.4.3 Estimation of state of charge by double Kalman filter -- 3.4.4 Extended Kalman filter -- 3.4.5 Unscented Kalman filter -- 3.5 Summary -- 3.6 Future scope -- Nomenclature -- References -- Part 2 Environmental and social aspects.
4. Environmental and social impact of electric vehicles -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Indicators of worldwide electric vehicle market -- 4.3 Share and size of the global electric car market -- 4.4 The environmental impact of electric vehicle -- 4.4.1 Electric vehicles reduce transportation emissions -- 4.4.2 Recycling helps in balancing the emissions -- 4.4.3 Electric vehicle convalesce air quality -- 4.4.4 Electric vehicle cut noise pollution -- 4.4.5 Electric vehicles resolve the climate catastrophe -- 4.5 Importance of "Green Cars" -- 4.6 Lower emissions in all scenarios -- 4.7 The carbon footprint of fossil fuels -- 4.8 Electric vehicles: zero tailpipe emissions -- 4.9 Effect of electric vehicle on the power grid -- 4.10 Forecasts: electric vehicle market outlook by 2030 and beyond -- 4.11 Electric vehicles roadmap initiative -- 4.12 Infrastructure for electric vehicle charging and its cost -- 4.13 Charging equipment -- 4.14 Grid infrastructure -- 4.15 Rates and demand charges -- 4.16 Overview of electric chargers -- 4.17 Why wireless power transfer? -- 4.18 National security (India) -- 4.19 Electric vehicle sales trend in India (2020-21) -- 4.19.1 Electric vehicle market in India -- 4.19.2 Business opportunities -- 4.20 Conclusion -- References -- 5. Electric vehicle progression in the society and their consequences -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Zero emissions -- 5.1.2 Ease of operation -- 5.1.3 Cost -- 5.1.4 Improved fuel economy -- 5.1.5 Accessibility -- 5.1.6 Driving range -- 5.1.7 Battery cost -- 5.2 Effect of electrification on the entire automotive supply chain -- 5.3 Auxiliary vendors for automobiles -- 5.4 Impact of electric vehicles on the automotive ecosystem -- 5.5 Internal combustion engine to electric vehicle retrofitting (recycling) -- 5.6 Acceleration in charging infrastructure build-up needed -- 5.6.1 Distinct ways to charge an EV.
5.6.1.1 Batteries -- 5.6.1.2 Inverter -- 5.6.1.3 Software -- 5.6.2 Various charging locations for EVs -- 5.6.3 EV recharging in the future -- 5.7 Impact of electric vehicle charging on the grid -- 5.7.1 Quick review of EV technologies -- 5.7.2 Impacts of EVs on grid -- 5.7.3 Grid stability and the influence of EV integration -- 5.7.4 Effects on the reliability of the power supply -- 5.8 Lifestyle adjustment -- 5.8.1 Charging time and charger compatibility -- 5.8.2 Availability of charging infrastructure -- 5.8.3 Battery swapping -- 5.8.4 Features fundamental to the policy -- 5.8.5 Comparison of charging and swapping -- 5.8.6 Challenges present in attempts to swap -- 5.9 Cost involved -- 5.9.1 Sales outlook -- 5.9.2 EV charging fees in India -- 5.9.3 Charging station financing and ownership -- 5.9.4 Super-fast level 3 DC charging -- 5.9.5 Infrastructure costs for EV charging equipment -- 5.9.6 CMS software for controlling EVCS -- 5.9.7 Pricing for EV home charging -- 5.9.8 Market share -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Part 3 Distribution grid -- 6. Electric-vehicle-enabled hosting capacity enhancement in distribution systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 DG hosting capacity -- literature survey -- 6.1.2 Electric vehicles in DG hosting capacity -- 6.1.3 Contribution -- 6.2 EV-enabled DG hosting capacity -- 6.2.1 Distributed generation and demand characterization -- 6.2.2 EV-related uncertainties -- 6.2.3 Leveraging EVs in DG hosting capacities -- 6.2.4 EV clustering via aggregators -- 6.3 Mathematical formulation -- 6.3.1 Objective function -- 6.3.2 Steady-state operating point and technical limits of an electric distribution system -- 6.3.3 On-load tap changers -- 6.3.4 Distributed generators -- 6.3.5 EV aggregators -- 6.3.6 Scenario reduction technique -- 6.4 Cases and simulation results -- 6.4.1 Technical data and specifications.
6.4.2 Simulations and results -- 6.5 Discussion and future works -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Nomenclature -- Indexes and sets -- Constants -- Variables -- References -- 7. Power quality issues with electric vehicle charging stations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 EV charging technologies -- 7.3 Electric vehicle charging station -- 7.3.1 Conductive charging -- 7.3.1.1 On-board chargers -- 7.3.1.2 Off-board chargers -- 7.3.2 Inductive charging (wireless charging) -- 7.3.3 Battery swapping -- 7.4 Impacts on the distribution system -- 7.4.1 Power quality -- 7.4.2 Negative impacts of EVCS on electric power system -- 7.4.2.1 Impacts due to increase in peak demand -- 7.4.2.2 Instability in voltage and phase unbalance -- 7.4.2.3 Harmonic distortion -- 7.4.2.4 Overloading of distribution system components -- 7.4.2.5 Increase in power loss -- 7.4.3 Effect of power quality on electrical equipment -- 7.4.3.1 Effect on transformer operation -- 7.4.3.2 Effect on capacitors -- 7.4.3.3 Effect on power cables -- 7.4.3.4 Effect on electric drives -- 7.4.3.5 Effect on communication and protective devices and consumer equipment -- 7.4.4 Power quality mitigation methods -- 7.4.5 Impact and mitigation of PQ issues due to simultaneous EV penetration -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8. Power quality impacts in the context of electric mobility -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electric vehicle-charging infrastructure -- 8.3 Power converters in electric vehicle charging -- 8.4 Impact of AC chargers -- 8.5 Impact of DC fast chargers -- 8.5.1 Rectifier with boost converter topology -- 8.5.2 Matrix converter -- 8.5.3 Vienna rectifier -- 8.6 Grid integration of electric vehicles and its challenges -- 8.6.1 Positive impacts due to electric vehicle -- 8.6.2 Challenges with grid integration -- 8.7 Power quality indices affected by electric vehicle chargers -- 8.7.1 Voltage fluctuation.
edited by Vijayakumar Gali, Luciane Neves Canha, Mariana Resener, Bibiana Ferraz, Madisa V.G. Varaprasad.
Includes bibliographical references and index.