Motor system disorders. Part II, Spinal cord, neurodegenerative, and cerebral disorders and treatment /
| Corporate Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Cambridge, MA :
Elsevier,
[2023]
|
| Series: | Handbook of clinical neurology ;
v. 196. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Motor System Disorders, Part II: Spinal Cord, Neurodegenerative, and Cerebral Disorders and Treatment
- Copyright
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contributors
- Contents
- Spinal cord diseases
- Chapter 1: Spinal cord motor disorders
- Introduction
- Embryology
- Spinal cord
- Vascular system
- Neuroanatomy
- Bony spine
- Spinal cord
- Vasculature
- Spinal Motor Control
- Supraspinal connections
- Posture and gait integration
- Spinal Cord Lesions
- Spinal cord syndromes in the transverse plane
- Anterior spinal cord
- Anterior horn
- Centromedullary
- Brown-Séquard
- Posterior spinal artery syndrome
- Transverse complete spinal cord syndrome
- Spinal cord syndromes in the longitudinal axis
- Ischemia of the cervical region
- Ischemia of the thoracic region
- Ischemia of the lumbar region
- History and Physical Examination
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Noninvasive spinal cord imaging
- Neurophysiology
- Somatosensory evoked potentials
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
- Vascular imaging
- Conventional MRI
- Advanced MRI techniques
- Digital subtraction angiography
- Tumors
- Advances in tumor classification
- Gliomas
- Astrocytomas
- Ependymomas
- Meningiomas
- Metastases
- Lymphoma
- CNS Demyelinating Diseases
- Multiple sclerosis
- NMO-spectrum disorders
- MOG-antibody disease
- Stroke
- Spinal cord infarction
- Vascular malformations
- Arteriovenous fistula
- Arteriovenous malformations
- Cavernous malformations
- Motor Neuron Disease
- Spinal muscular atrophy
- Progressive muscular atrophy
- Primary lateral sclerosis
- Poliomyelitis
- Spinal Cord Injury
- Intramedullary insults
- Muscle and motor neuron excitability
- Short- and long-term potentiation and depression
- Implications for neural plasticity
- Collateral sprouting
- Regeneration.
- Future Research
- References
- Chapter 2: Childhood spinal muscular atrophy
- History
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- SMA type 1
- SMA type 2
- SMA type 3
- SMA type 4
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Genetics
- Other Forms of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
- Very severe SMA
- SMA-plus types
- Etiopathogenesis
- SMN protein
- Neurofilaments
- SMN2 copy number
- Splicing regulators as modifiers of phenotype
- Epigenetic modifications: Methylation
- Electrophysiological biomarkers
- Neuroimaging
- Management
- Natural History and Prognosis
- Disease-Modifying Molecular Therapy
- Nusinersen, antisense oligonucleotide treatment to promote full-length SMN protein
- Onasemnogene
- Risdiplam
- Conclusion and Future Directions
- References
- Chapter 3: The hereditary spastic paraplegias
- Introduction11Abbreviations used in the chapter are listed at the end of the chapter before References section.
- Definitions
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Simplex Cases
- Clinical Presentation
- Illustrative cases
- Uncomplicated spastic paraplegia
- Insidiously progressive spastic gait
- Cerebral palsy phenotype
- Infantile-onset, nonprogressive spastic gait
- Primary lateral sclerosis phenotype
- Spastic ataxia phenotype
- Spastic paraplegia with distal muscle wasting
- Developmental delay, intellectual impairment, dysarthria, spastic paraparesis or quadriparesis
- Complex neurodegenerative disorders that include spastic paraparesis
- Clinical Aspects and Disease Course
- Neurologic findings in subjects with ``uncomplicated´´ HSP
- Weakness
- Spasticity
- Mild impairment of distal vibration perception
- Hyperreflexia
- Reduced speed of muscle activation
- Gait
- Stance
- Forward-shifted foot strike and toe walking
- Hip flexion is often reduced (or slightly delayed).
- Knee adduction and incomplete extension
- Upper extremities
- Diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis
- Diagnostic evaluation
- Routine laboratory testing
- Neuroimaging
- Neurophysiology
- Genetic Testing
- Genetic Counseling
- Neuropathology (Schwarz, 1952
- Schwarz and Liu, 1956
- Behan and Maia, 1974
- Sack et al., 1978
- Buge et al., 1979
- Harding
- Genetic Basis
- Treatment and Prognosis
- Spasticity treatment
- Medication
- Orthotics
- Physical therapy
- Prognosis
- Conclusions
- Future Directions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 4: Primary lateral sclerosis
- Introduction
- Clinical Description
- Neuropathology
- Electrophysiology
- Neuroimaging
- MRI
- Positron emission tomography
- Differential Diagnosis
- Neurodegeneration and Relation to Motor Neuron Disease
- Genetics of Primary Lateral Sclerosis
- Treatment
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 5: Transverse myelitis in children and adults
- Introduction
- Infectious Myelitis
- Bacterial myelitis
- Viral myelitis
- Fungal myelitis
- Parasitic
- Noninfectious Myelitis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
- Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease
- Idiopathic Myelitis
- Transverse Myelitis and Vaccines
- Systemic Disorders
- Sarcoidosis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Paraneoplastic myelitis
- Radiation therapy-related myelitis
- Toxic-metabolic vascular mimickers
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 6: Multiple sclerosis: Motor dysfunction
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Etiopathogenic Factors
- Clinical motor dysfunction
- Diagnosis
- MS Variants: AQP4, NMOSD, and MOGAD
- Childhood MS
- Clinical features
- Pediatric NMO and MOG serology
- MRI findings
- Prognosis
- Pathology
- Gross and microscopic pathology.
- Immunopathology
- Pharmacotherapy
- Disease-modifying therapy
- Assessing motor disability
- Rehabilitation
- Adaptive equipment
- Symptomatic therapy
- Exercise
- Increasing neural plasticity
- Endocannabinoid signaling
- Cytokine signaling
- Receptor signaling
- Future Directions
- References
- Chapter 7: Tropical spastic paraparesis
- Introduction
- Tropical Myelopathy
- Acute tropical myeloneuropathy
- Transverse myelitis
- Chronic Tropical Myelopathy
- Tropical spastic paraparesis
- Tropical Neuropathy
- Strachan syndrome
- Beriberi
- Toxic Neuropathy
- Neurologic Disorders Associated With Dietary Cyanide Intoxication
- References
- Progressive neurodegenerative diseases
- Chapter 8: Cerebellum: From the identification of the cerebellar motor syndrome to the internal models
- Introduction: History of Cerebellar Research Since the 18th Century1
- Anatomy: Microscopy and Macroscopy
- Cellular Physiology
- Simple spikes and complex spikes
- Rebound depolarization and disinhibition
- Plasticity mechanisms
- Cerebro-Cerebellar Structural Connectivity
- Cerebello-Cortical Circuits: Neurophysiological Aspects
- The Three Clinical Syndromes to the Light of Internal Models
- Conclusions
- Competing interests
- Ethical committee request
- References
- Chapter 9: Synucleinopathies
- Introduction
- Historical Perspective
- Pure Autonomic Failure
- Pathophysiology
- Pathology
- Genetics
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features (Fig. 9.1)
- Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension
- Gastrointestinal dysfunction
- Genitourinary dysfunction
- Thermoregulatory dysfunction
- Anosmia
- Dream enactment behavior
- Other clinical manifestations
- Ancillary testing
- Autonomic function tests
- Laboratory testing and evaluation of end-organ damage
- Catecholamine studies
- Neuroendocrine studies.
- Cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging
- Urodynamic studies and gastrointestinal studies
- Skin biopsy
- Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
- Treatment
- Care team
- Symptom management
- Prognosis and phenoconversion
- Multiple System Atrophy
- Pathophysiology
- Pathology
- Genetics
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Diagnostic criteria
- Motor features
- Nonmotor features
- Survival
- Paraclinical testing
- Autonomic cardiovascular domain
- Plasma catecholamines
- Thermoregulatory domain
- Urogenital, gastrointestinal, and respiratory domains
- Brain imaging
- Cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging
- Skin biopsy
- Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
- Treatment
- Multidisciplinary approach
- Symptom management
- Motor symptoms
- Nonmotor symptoms
- Disease-modifying approaches (Fig. 9.4)
- Lewy Body Disorders-Parkinson Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies
- Pathophysiology
- Pathology
- Genetics
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Diagnostic criteria
- Nonmotor features
- Paraclinical testing
- Imaging techniques
- Autonomic testing
- Plasma catecholamines
- Skin biopsy
- Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
- Others
- Treatment
- Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 10: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Neuropathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Genetic Basis of ALS
- Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase
- C9orf72
- TARDBP
- Fused in sarcoma
- Optineurin
- Valsolin-containing protein
- Dynactin
- Senataxin
- GLE1, RNA export mediator
- UBQLN2, PFN1, and VAPB
- Disease Pathogenesis
- Instability of mutant proteins
- SOD1
- TARDBP
- Disrupted RNA metabolism
- C9orf72
- SCA36
- Defective axonal cytoskeletal and transport
- DCTN1
- Profilin-1
- Other putative disease mechanisms
- Defective autophagy
- ER stress and impaired degradation (SOD1, OPTN).