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Clinical biomechanics in human locomotion : gait and pathomechanical principles /

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Horwood, Andrew (Author), Chockalingam, Nachiappan (Author)
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: London : Elsevier Academic Press, 2023.
Subjects:
Human locomotion.
Biomechanics.
Biomechanical Phenomena
Locomotion humaine.
Biomécanique.
Biomechanics
Human locomotion
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Clinical Biomechanics in Human Locomotion: Gait and Pathomechanical Principles
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • About the authors
  • Foreword
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgements
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1: Understanding human gait
  • Chapter introduction
  • 1.1. Gait principles
  • 1.1.1. Introduction
  • 1.1.2. Gait energetics
  • Energetic collision strategy in gait
  • Walking collisions
  • 1.1.3. Dividing the body segments to explain gait
  • Head, arms, and trunk in gait
  • Locomotor segments and the pelvis in gait
  • 1.1.4. Gait motion and description
  • The laws of motion in the gait cycle
  • Gait-type definitions
  • 1.1.5. Walking gait phases
  • Swing phase
  • Stance phase
  • 1.1.6. Challenges of upright posture in locomotion
  • 1.1.7. Human gait models
  • Human inverted pendular walking gait model
  • Energetics of inverted pendular gait
  • The plantigrade foot in inverted pendular gait
  • Heel lift energetics
  • Spring-mass model and double pendulum gait
  • 1.1.8. Describing gait: Rancho Los Amigos divisions
  • Rancho Los Amigos system of gait description
  • Rancho Los Amigos divisions of the walking gait cycle
  • Weight acceptance (contact and loading response): 0%-10%
  • Single-limb support (mainly midstance): 10%-50%
  • Weight transference/acceleration (terminal stance): 50%-60%
  • Limb advancement (swing phase): 60%-100%
  • Three-point foot rockers during the stance phase
  • 1.1.9. Additions and modifications to the Rancho Los Amigos divisions
  • 1.1.10. Section summary
  • 1.2. Principles of gait analysis data
  • 1.2.1. Introduction
  • 1.2.2. Stability and ground reaction force
  • CoM influence on stability
  • Statics and ground reaction force relationship
  • Principles of maintaining stability in stance phase of gait
  • Recording GRF
  • 1.2.3. Measurements and interpretation of GRF.
  • 1.2.4. Vertical GRF components in walking
  • First peak in GRF (F1)
  • First peak (F1) to trough (F2)
  • Trough (F2) to second peak (F3)
  • F3 to toe-off
  • 1.2.5. Anterior-posterior and medial-lateral GRF components in walking
  • Anterior-posterior components including claw back
  • Heel strike to posterior peak (F4)
  • Posterior peak (F4) to crossover point
  • Crossover to anterior peak (F5)
  • F5 peak to toe-off
  • The effect of arm swing on vertical and horizontal forces
  • Medial-lateral GRF components
  • Pedotti diagrams
  • 1.2.6. Spatiotemporal parameters in gait
  • Spatial parameters of gait
  • Temporal parameters of gait
  • Cadence, velocity, and symmetry
  • Gait speed
  • 1.2.7. Measuring joint segment motions
  • 1.2.8. Measuring and interpreting pressure
  • Peak pressures and loading rate
  • Centre of pressure progression
  • 1.2.9. Variability in gait
  • Influence of terrain on walking gait analysis parameters and kinematics
  • 1.2.10. Section summary
  • 1.3. Muscle function related to joint motion in gait
  • 1.3.1. Introduction
  • 1.3.2. Principles of muscle action in gait
  • Energetics
  • Force vectors and angular momentum in joints
  • 1.3.3. Primary muscle function during walking gait
  • Stance phase muscle activity
  • Preswing and swing phase muscle activity
  • 1.3.4. Soft tissue compliance and stiffening of the lower limb
  • 1.3.5. The effects on walking of terrain, velocity, and gradient
  • The influence of age on inclined/declined surfaces
  • Final muscular considerations
  • 1.3.6. Muscle activation and dysfunction effects on gait kinematics
  • Stance phase muscle function and dysfunction kinematics
  • Swing phase muscle function and dysfunction kinematics
  • Muscle unit function and dysfunction
  • 1.3.7. Section summary
  • 1.4. Running gait
  • 1.4.1. Introduction
  • 1.4.2. Running energetics
  • 1.4.3. The running gait cycle.
  • 1.4.4. Running models: Work and power phases in running
  • Running work and power in considering energetics of gait
  • Walking to running and running to walk transitions
  • 1.4.5. Impact in running: With consideration to walking
  • Mechanics of impact revisited
  • Impact amplitude and cushioning
  • Cushioning
  • Impact implications in running
  • 1.4.6. Shock attenuation in the lower limb
  • Joint alignment and stiffness in impact dissipation
  • Impact dissipation by specialist passive soft tissues
  • Impact and pathology
  • 1.4.7. Muscle activity in running
  • Muscles in running
  • Muscle transition with gait speed and technique
  • Muscle coactivation
  • Tendons in running energetics
  • 1.4.8. Spine, pelvis, and arm motion in running
  • The role of arm swing in running
  • 1.4.9. Running patterns
  • Foot strike position
  • Advantages of strike positions
  • Sprinting
  • Distance running
  • Effects of fatigue in running
  • 1.4.10. Running differences through gender and age
  • Male and female runners
  • Older runners
  • 1.4.11. Foot type and footwear effects on running
  • Foot types: Compliance and stiffness
  • Injury rates associated with foot vault profile
  • Footwear biomechanics in running
  • Running footwear design
  • Midsole cushioning
  • Midsole stiffness
  • Motion control and stability
  • Running footwear and foot vaults
  • 1.4.12. The effects of running terrain
  • 1.4.13. Section summary
  • 1.5. Variance in gait
  • 1.5.1. Introduction
  • 1.5.2. Gender and other morphological differences in walking gait
  • Effects of height
  • The effects of lower limb alignment
  • 1.5.3. Foot function variance in gait
  • Classifying pes planus
  • Pes planus effects on gait
  • Midtarsal (midfoot) break during gait
  • Pes cavus in gait
  • 1.5.4. Joint hypermobility in gait
  • 1.5.5. Gait in pregnancy
  • 1.5.6. Paediatric gait.
  • The development of gait characteristics
  • Kinematic changes
  • Maturation of gait
  • Adolescent gait
  • Other influences on childhood gait
  • Gait in paediatric pes planus
  • Paediatric equinus
  • 1.5.7. Ageing and aged-like gait
  • Ageing of gait
  • Changing gait strategy with age
  • Endurance and fatigue in walking
  • 1.5.8. Leg length discrepancy/inequality
  • 1.5.9. The effects of footwear on gait
  • 1.5.10. Gait in lower limb amputees
  • Spatiotemporal changes in amputees
  • Changes in joint angles and moments resulting from amputation
  • Effects of bilateral amputation on gait
  • 1.5.11. Section summary
  • 1.6. Gait in disease
  • 1.6.1. Introduction
  • 1.6.2. Gait in cerebral palsy
  • 1.6.3. Gait in musculoskeletal disease
  • Arthritis
  • Musculoskeletal soft tissue failures
  • 1.6.4. Gait in neurological disease
  • 1.6.5. Gait in peripheral vascular disease
  • 1.6.6. Gait in diabetes (mellitus)
  • 1.6.7. Section summary
  • Chapter summary
  • References
  • Chapter 2: Locomotive functional units
  • Chapter introduction
  • 2.1. Soft and hard tissue as functional units
  • 2.1.1. Introduction
  • 2.1.2. Principles of tensegrity and biotensegrity revisited
  • 2.1.3. Maintenance of biotensegrity structures
  • Clinical implications of the biotensegrity model
  • Soft tissue dysfunction in human biotensegrity
  • 2.1.4. Principles of core stability
  • 2.1.5. Muscles role in stability-mobility
  • Muscle-tendon complexes
  • 2.1.6. Principles of articular motion and stability
  • 2.1.7. Concepts of muscle joint relationships
  • 2.1.8. Concepts of form and force closure
  • 2.1.9. Concepts of joint packing, congruency, and neutral
  • Clinical implications of joint stability
  • 2.1.10. The skeletal frame
  • 2.1.11. Section summary
  • 2.2. Functional unit of the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • 2.2.1. Introduction.
  • 2.2.2. The kinematic role of the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • In-phase and antiphase motion
  • 2.2.3. The spine and pelvis as a biotensegrity structure
  • 2.2.4. Functional anatomy of the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • Lumbar vertebrae and the lumbosacral joint
  • Vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
  • The 4th-5th (L4-L5) lumbar spine articulation
  • The lumbosacral joint
  • The pelvis and sacroiliac (SI) joint
  • Pelvic tilt angle
  • 2.2.5. Passive soft tissues of the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • Pelvic ligaments
  • Intrinsic ligaments
  • Extrinsic ligaments
  • 2.2.6. Functional joint axes and load distribution of the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • 2.2.7. Muscle action at the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • Thoracolumbar fascia
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Erector spinae muscle
  • Multifidus
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • The abdominal aponeurosis and wall muscles
  • External abdominal oblique
  • Internal abdominal oblique
  • Transversus abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Function of the muscles and aponeuroses of the abdominal wall
  • Hip muscle influence on lumbopelvic function
  • Iliopsoas
  • Gluteus maximus
  • 2.2.8. Adaptation and pathology in the lumbar spine and pelvis
  • 2.2.9. Section summary
  • 2.3. Functional unit of the hip
  • 2.3.1. Introduction
  • 2.3.2. The kinematic role of the hip
  • 2.3.3. The hip as a biotensegrity structure
  • 2.3.4. Osseous topography of the hip
  • Acetabular anteversion
  • Femoral neck-shaft angle
  • Femoral anteversion
  • Femoral loading patterns
  • 2.3.5. Passive soft tissues of the hip
  • Hip ligaments
  • Fascia lata
  • 2.3.6. The hip in lever systems
  • Instantaneous joint axis of the hip
  • Lever arms of the hip
  • Sagittal plane levers
  • Frontal plane lever
  • 2.3.7. Muscle action at the hip
  • Hip flexors
  • Hip extensors
  • Deep hip rotators
  • Hip adductors
  • Hip abductors
  • Hip muscle stabilisation.