Phosphate rock : an industry in transition /

Phosphate Rock: An Industry in Transition takes an interdisciplinary approach to dealing with the phosphate rock chain and its exploration, extraction, processing, fertilizer making, and storage and transportation. The book treats the subject from a global perspective, giving readers insights into w...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Kumar, Dilip (Author), Kumar, Deepak (Author)
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Oxford, United Kingdom ; Cambridge MA : Elsevier, [2023]
Subjects:	Phosphate rock. Phosphate industry. Phosphate mines and mining. Phosphorite. Phosphates > Industrie. Phosphates > Mines et extraction. Phosphate industry Phosphate mines and mining Phosphate rock Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
PHOSPHATE ROCK
PHOSPHATE ROCK: An Industry in Transition
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
One
Introduction
1.1 Phosphate rock
1.2 Phosphorous (P) cycle
1.3 Usages
1.3.1 Market specifications
1.4 Losses and recovery
1.5 Anomalies of mineral deposits
1.6 Key research areas
1.7 Consumption intensity
References
Further reading
Two
Global resources, production, and depletion
2.1 Preamble
2.2 Resources vis-à-vis reserves
2.2.1 Reserve enhancement
2.2.2 Reserve potential
2.3 Evaluation of mining losses and contamination
2.4 Optimum solutions at production centers
2.5 Production: past, present, and future
2.5.1 Peak phosphorous
2.5.2 Uneven distribution of phosphate ores
2.5.3 Use of fertilizer
2.5.4 Losses in food production and consumption
2.6 Conservation strategies
2.6.1 Reduce demand through smarter fertilizer use
2.6.2 Extending supplies through recycling
2.6.3 Exploration for new reserves
2.6.4 Planned and sustainable use
2.6.5 Global collaboration on multilateral forums
2.7 Concluding remarks
References
Three
Geologic and urban mining
3.1 Preamble
3.2 Extractability
3.3 Excavation of phosphate rock
3.3.1 Surface mining with drilling and blasting
3.3.2 Surface miner
3.3.2.1 Automated cutting depth control
3.3.2.2 Phosphate mining at OCP in Ben Guerir
3.3.3 Dredge mining
3.4 Mine planning
3.5 Mining dilution
3.6 Cut-off grade
3.6.1 Grade-tonnage curves
3.6.2 Stockpiling
3.6.2.1 A case in point
3.7 Environmental, social, and governance
3.8 Material cycle: geological mine and urban mine
References
Four
Digitalization of mining industry
4.1 Digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation
4.2 Digitalization of mining.
4.2.1 Barrier to digitalization
4.2.1.1 No genuine ownership of the digital strategy
4.2.1.2 Obsession with big bang developments
4.2.1.3 Failure to empower disruption leaders
4.2.1.4 Lack of digital reorganization
4.2.1.5 Lack of investment in training
4.2.1.6 Failing to understand the risk of doing nothing
4.2.2 Driving transformation
4.3 Navigating the digitalization journey in mining
4.3.1 Computerized maintenance management system
4.3.2 Enterprise resource planning
4.4 Current and potential applications of AI and autonomous technologies
4.4.1 Prospecting and exploration
4.4.2 Mine development
4.4.3 Transportation, material handling, and haulage system
4.4.4 Gases and hazard detection
4.4.5 Mining extraction
4.4.5.1 Blasting
4.4.5.1.1 Wireless blasting
4.4.6 Autonomous support systems
4.4.7 Mineral processing application
4.4.8 Other potential applications of blockchain, AI, drones, and robotics
4.5 Environment, health, and safety
4.6 Challenges in implementing AI and machine learning in mining industry
4.7 Benefits of digital mine solutions
4.8 Mine networks
4.8.1 Managing network
4.9 Concluding remarks
References
Five
Phosphate rock processing
5.1 Preamble
5.2 Mineralogy
5.3 Review of beneficiation methods
5.3.1 Attrition, scrubbing and desliming
5.3.2 Gravity separation
5.3.3 Magnetic separation
5.3.4 Preconcentration-XRT sorting
5.3.4.1 Umm Wu'al phosphate mine, Saudi Arabia
5.3.5 Flotation
5.3.5.1 History of phosphate flotation
5.3.5.2 Phosphate flotation
5.3.5.2.1 Particle collection process hydrodynamics
5.3.5.2.2 Particle attachment
5.3.5.2.3 Particle entrainment
5.3.5.3 Phosphate ore flotation
5.3.5.4 Alternative to Crago double float process
5.3.5.5 Anionic flotation at Maton beneficiation plant.
5.3.6 Calcination
5.3.6.1 Pretreatment
5.3.6.2 Thermal decomposition: calcination of carbonaceous sedimentary phosphate ores
5.3.6.3 Calcination units
5.3.6.4 Posttreatment: quenching and desliming of calcined phosphate ore
5.4 Concluding remarks
References
Six
Water in mining and processing
6.1 Preamble
6.2 The hydrologic cycle
6.3 Mine water definition
6.3.1 Mine water monitoring
6.4 Water sourcing
6.4.1 Hydrological studies
6.4.2 Hydrogeological studies
6.4.2.1 Hydrogeological study to estimate drainage water to be generated during mining operation
6.5 Water usages
6.5.1 Extraction and processing
6.5.2 Utility areas
6.5.3 Tailings management stretches
6.5.4 Site facilities
6.5.5 Rehabilitated areas
6.6 Water balance in mining
6.6.1 Water balance
6.7 Reduction of water consumption
6.7.1 Unspecified sinks
6.7.2 Total water discharged (untreated)
6.7.3 Seepage/evaporation losses
6.7.4 Interstitial storage
6.7.5 Water out in product
6.7.6 Dust suppression
6.7.7 Sanitation water discharge
6.7.8 Reduce total raw water import through recycle/reuse
6.8 Mine water issues and impacts
6.8.1 Acid mine drainage
6.8.2 Heavy metal contamination and leaching
6.8.3 Processing chemicals pollution
6.8.4 Erosion and sedimentation
6.8.5 Depletion of water quantity
6.9 Inrush/inundation and its prevention
6.9.1 Inundation from underground sources
6.9.2 Inundation from surface sources
6.9.2.1 A case in point
6.10 Mine water dewatering
6.10.1 Sustainable tailings management
6.10.1.1 Tailings dewatering
6.10.1.2 Deep cone thickener/paste thickener
6.11 Mine water management
6.11.1 Surface water management
6.11.2 Ground water management
6.11.3 Environmental management strategies
6.11.4 Water control techniques.
6.11.5 Regulations governing mine water discharge
6.11.6 Water treatment
6.11.6.1 Active water treatment
6.11.6.2 Passive water treatment
6.11.7 Water management following the closure of a mine
6.11.8 Community involvement
6.12 Rain water harvesting and artificial recharge
6.13 Concluding remarks
Acronyms
References
Seven
Mitigation of environmental pollution
7.1 Preamble
7.2 Addressing the environmental issues
7.2.1 The environmental challenges (UNEP)
7.2.1.1 Reclamation
7.2.1.2 Soil treatment
7.2.1.3 Monitoring and maintenance
7.2.2 Impact on land
7.2.2.1 Topsoil management
7.2.2.2 Slope stabilization
7.2.3 Tailings management
7.2.4 Air quality vis-à-vis health hazards
7.2.4.1 Dust size and health risks
7.2.4.2 Silicosis
7.2.4.3 Prevention
7.2.4.4 Suppression
7.2.4.5 Collection
7.2.5 Benefits of surface miners
7.2.6 Social issues
7.2.6.1 Human displacement and resettlement
7.2.6.2 Noise and vibration management
7.2.6.3 Biodiversity
7.3 Phosphate-specific impacts
7.4 SWOT analysis
7.5 Environmental management system ISO 14001
7.5.1 What topics does ISO 14001:2015 cover?
7.5.2 What are the benefits of ISO 14001:2015?
7.6 Mine closure management
7.7 Concluding remarks
REFERENCES
Eight
Mine organization
8.1 The effective organization
8.2 Human resources management
8.3 Training
8.3.1 Activities: objectives, needs, and benefits
8.3.1.1 Objectives
8.3.1.2 Needs
8.3.1.3 Benefits
8.3.2 Learning systems-traditions and e-learning to hybrid
8.3.3 Employee training and development plan
8.4 Gamification to motivate employees
8.5 Organizational structures
8.5.1 Functional organization structure
8.5.2 Divisional structure
8.5.3 Matrix structure
8.5.4 Flat organizational structure.
8.5.5 Mine organization (global mining industry)
8.5.6 Span and layers
8.6 Skill shortage and talent management
8.6.1 The demand for skilled workforce
8.6.1.1 A case study: UK Group Tackles Mining Skills Shortage
8.6.2 Talent management
8.7 Renovating responsibility of HR
8.7.1 Network organization
8.7.2 Virtual organization
8.7.3 Supporting digital transformation
8.7.4 Digital transformation: workforce impact
8.7.4.1 Digital transformation workforce maturity model
8.8 Concluding note
References
Nine
The circular economy
9.1 Preamble
9.2 Principles of circular economy
9.2.1 Phosphorous: reduce-reuse-recycle
9.3 SWOT analysis
9.4 Phosphorus-recovery techniques
9.5 Industry 4.0, circular economy, and sustainability
9.5.1 Big data
9.5.2 Industrial automation (robotics)
9.5.3 Simulations
9.5.4 Integration systems
9.5.5 Internet of things
9.5.6 Cybersecurity
9.5.7 Cloud computing
9.5.8 Additive manufacturing (3D)
9.5.9 Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality
9.6 Transformational innovation
9.6.1 Adjacent expansion
9.6.2 Transformational change
9.7 Concluding remarks
References
Ten
Sustainable management of extractive waste
10.1 Preamble
10.2 Sustainable development
10.2.1 Triple bottom line
10.2.1.1 Profit
10.2.1.2 People
10.2.1.3 Planet
10.2.1.4 Differences between ESG and sustainability
10.2.2 Transition to ESG
10.3 Waste generation and disposal
10.3.1 Reprocessing and retreating
10.3.1.1 Waste utilization
10.4 Waste treatment and beneficiation
10.4.1 The mine waste hierarchy
10.4.2 Beneficiation process for phosphate recovery
10.5 Management and treatment of phosphogypsum (PG)
10.6 Economic viability of remining
10.7 Concluding remarks
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G.