Electromagnetic waves-based cancer diagnosis and therapy : principles and applications of nanomaterials /

Electromagnetic Waves-Based Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: Principles and Applications of Nanomaterials is a reference solution for radiation-based methods in cancer therapy that benefit from nanosystems. The book gives foundational knowledge and the latest techniques across the electromagnetic wave...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Khafaji, Mona (Editor), Bavi, Omid (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London, United Kingdom : Academic Press, 2023.
Subjects:	Cancer > Radiotherapy. Cancer > Diagnosis. Nanomedicine. Neoplasms > radiotherapy Radiation Oncology Nanomedicine Cancer > Radiothérapie. Cancer > Diagnostic. Nanomédecine. Cancer > Diagnosis Cancer > Radiotherapy Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES-BASED CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
ELECTRO MAGNETICWAVES-BASEDCANCER DIAGNOSISAND THERAPY: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 . Radio wave/microwave-involved methods for cancer diagnosis
1. General aspects of microwave and dielectric
1.1 Microwave range
1.2 Polarization
1.3 AC relaxation, dispersion, and mechanisms of polarization
1.4 Electric flux density
1.5 Complex conductivity and permittivity
2. Mathematical model for dispersion
2.1 Single relaxation time: Debye expression
2.2 Distributed relaxation time: Cole-Cole expression
3. The permittivity of healthy and tumor tissue
4. Measuring the microwave response of tissues
5. Nanoparticle-enhanced microwave imaging
5.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
5.2 Nonmagnetic nanomaterials
6. Conclusion and future remarks on microwave imaging
7. Introduction to magnetic resonance imaging
7.1 From NMR to MRI
7.2 Nuclear spin and magnetism
8. The behavior of nuclei in the presence of an external magnetic field
8.1 Quantum description
8.2 Classical description
8.3 Net magnetization vector
9. Resonance and excitation by RF pulse
10. Spin relaxation
10.1 Longitudinal or spin-lattice relaxation: T1 recovery
10.2 Transverse or spin-spin relaxation: T2 decay
10.3 Bloch equations
10.4 Mechanisms of relaxation processes
10.5 T2∗ relaxation: decay of FID signal
10.6 Mechanism of image contrast
10.7 Basic pulse sequences
10.7.1 Spin echo sequence
10.7.2 Gradient recalled echo sequence
11. Contrast agents for MRI
11.1 Definition of relaxivity
11.2 Paramagnetic complexes
11.3 Paramagnetic nanoparticles
11.3.1 Manganese oxides nanoparticles.
11.3.2 Gadolinium oxides, fluorides, or phosphates nanoparticles
11.4 Superparamagnetic nanoparticles
11.4.1 Coprecipitation synthesis of SPIONs
11.4.2 Thermal decomposition method
12. Nanocarriers for CAs
12.1 Nanocarriers with chelating agents
12.1.1 Nonbiologic nanocarriers
12.1.2 Biologic nanocarriers
12.2 Nanocarriers without chelating agents
13. Conclusion and future remarks of MRI
References
2
Cancer therapeutics methods based on microwaves/radio wave
1. Introduction
2. Radiofrequency and microwave heating
2.1 Physics behind radiofrequency thermal therapy
2.2 Physics behind microwave thermal therapy
2.3 Nanoparticles in radiofrequency and microwave thermal therapy
2.3.1 Metallic nanoparticles
2.3.1.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
2.3.1.2 Gold nanoparticles
2.3.1.2.1 Joule or inductive heating
2.3.1.2.2 Magnetic heating
2.3.1.2.3 Electrophoretic heating
2.3.2 Nonmetallic nanostructures
2.3.2.1 Carbon nanotubes
2.3.2.2 Hybrid nanoparticles
2.3.2.3 Nanoshells
2.3.2.4 Silicon-based nanoparticles
3. Ultrasound heating
3.1 Physics behind ultrasound thermal therapy
3.1.1 Thermal interactions
3.1.2 Mechanical interactions
3.2 Nanoparticles in ultrasound thermal therapy
3.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
3.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
4. Conclusion
Glossary
References
3
Visible-NIR luminescent nanomaterials for cancer diagnostic applications
1. Introduction
2. Photoluminescence bioimaging
2.1 What is photoluminescence bioimaging?
2.2 Organic dyes as fluorescent probes
2.3 How can nanomaterials help?
2.4 Categories of luminescent nanoparticles
2.4.1 Semiconductor quantum dots
2.4.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
2.4.2.1 Single-walled carbon nanotubes
2.4.2.2 Graphene-based nanomaterials
2.4.2.3 Carbon quantum dots.
2.4.2.4 Nanodiamonds
2.4.3 Metal nanoclusters
2.4.4 Lanthanide-doped NPs
2.4.4.1 Upconverting nanoparticles
2.4.4.2 Luminescent nanoparticles (Stokes emission)
2.4.5 Polymeric nanomaterials
2.4.6 Oxide nanoparticles
2.5 A comparison of different luminescent NPs
3. Endoscopy
3.1 Brief history and philosophy of endoscopic techniques
3.2 Fluorescence endoscopy
3.3 Nanotechnologies
3.4 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
4. Conclusion and perspectives
List of abbreviations
References
4
Application of infrared waves in cancer therapy
1. An introduction to tumor phototherapy
2. Photodynamic therapy
2.1 Historical background
2.2 Components of PDT
2.2.1 Photosensitizer
2.2.1.1 First-generation photosensitizers
2.2.1.2 Second-generation photosensitizers
2.2.1.3 Third-generation photosensitizers
2.2.2 Light
2.2.3 Molecular oxygen
2.3 PDT mechanism of action
2.3.1 Type I versus type II photochemical mechanism
2.3.2 Tumor destruction pathways: apoptosis versus necrosis
2.4 Nanomaterials for PDT
2.4.1 Inorganic nanoparticles
2.4.1.1 Metal nanoparticles
2.4.1.2 Silica and silicon nanoparticles
2.4.1.3 Magnetic nanoparticles
2.4.1.4 Quantum dots
2.4.2 Organic nanoparticles
2.4.2.1 Polymer-based nanoparticles
2.4.2.2 Liposomal nanoparticles
2.4.2.3 Dendrimer-based nanoparticles
2.4.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials
2.4.3.1 Fullerenes
2.4.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.4.3.3 Graphene nanosheets
2.4.4 2D materials
2.4.4.1 Transition metal dichalcogenides
2.4.4.2 Graphitic carbon nitride
2.4.4.3 Black phosphorous
2.4.4.4 Other 2D nanomaterials
2.4.5 Metal-organic frameworks
2.4.6 Upconversion nanoparticles
3. Photothermal therapy
3.1 Historical overview of thermal therapy
3.2 Photophysical mechanism behind PTT.
3.2.1 Appropriate biologic window for PTT
3.2.2 Response of a living organism to PTT
3.2.3 Selectivity of PTT
3.3 Classification of photothermal agents
3.3.1 Metal-based nanomaterials
3.3.1.1 Gold nanoparticles
3.3.1.1.1 Gold nanospheres
3.3.1.1.2 Gold nanorods
3.3.1.1.3 Gold nanocages
3.3.1.2 Silver nanoparticles
3.3.1.3 Magnetic-based iron oxide nanoparticles
3.3.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
3.3.2.1 Graphene family
3.3.2.2 Carbon nanotubes
3.3.3 Organic nanomaterials
3.3.3.1 Cyanine-based agents
3.3.3.2 Conductive polymers
3.3.3.2.1 Polypyrrole nanomaterials
3.3.3.2.2 Polyaniline nanomaterials
3.3.3.2.3 Naturally conjugated biopolymers
3.3.3.3 Polydopamine
4. Combinatorial therapeutic approaches
5. Conclusion and future perspectives
Glossary
List of abbreviations
References
Further reading
5
X-ray-based cancer diagnosis and treatment methods
Introduction
1 History of X-rays and properties
1.1 Wavelike nature
1.2 Diffraction
1.3 Linear propagation
1.4 Negligible refraction
1.5 Scattering
1.6 Particle-like nature
1.7 Electrically neutral
1.8 Not only one wavelength
1.9 Ionizing radiation
1.10 Not visible
2 Interaction of X-rays with matter
2.1 Photoelectric absorption
2.2 Compton scattering
3 Biologic effects of X-rays
3.1 Deterministic effects
3.2 Stochastic effects
4 Production methods and detectors of X-ray
4.1 Bremsstrahlung
4.2 Characteristic X-ray
5 Detectors
6 Medical applications
6.1 X-ray imaging
6.1.1 Projectional radiography
6.1.2 Mammography
6.1.3 Fluoroscopy
6.1.4 Computed tomography
6.1.4.1 Principles of the CT instrument operation
6.1.4.2 Data processing and CT number
6.2 Contrast agents in X-ray imaging
6.2.1 Limitation of the current contrast agents.