Principles of human organs-on-chips /

Principles of Human Organs-on-Chips covers all aspects of microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems, from fabrication to application and commercialization.Organ-on-a-chip models are created to mimic the structural, microenvironmental and physiological functions of human organs, providing the potential to...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Mozafari, Masoud (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge, MA : Woodhead Publishing, [2023]
Series:	Woodhead Publishing series in biomaterials.
Subjects:	Artificial organs > Technological innovations. Microfluidic devices > Therapeutic use. Microphysiological Systems Organes artificiels > Innovations. Dispositifs microfluidiques > Emploi en thérapeutique. Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN ORGANS-ON-CHIPS
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN ORGANS-ON-CHIPS
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
1
Techniques and materials for the fabrication of microfluidic devices
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Theory of microfluidics
1.2.1 Laminar and turbulent flows
1.2.2 Diffusion in microfluidics
1.2.3 Surface tension
1.3 Materials consideration for organ-on-a-chip devices
1.3.1 Biocompatibility
1.3.2 Sterilization tolerances
1.3.3 Optical transparency
1.3.4 Mechanical property
1.4 Fabrication techniques and their materials
1.4.1 Subtractive manufacturing
1.4.1.1 Examples of subtractive manufacturing
Bulk micromachining
Laser ablation
Cutting plotter/Xurography
Micromilling
1.4.1.2 Discussion on subtractive manufacturing
Materials for subtractive manufacturing
Accessibility of subtractive manufacturing
1.4.2 Formative manufacturing
1.4.2.1 Examples of formative manufacturing
Soft lithography
4.2.1.2 Embossing
Injection molding
1.4.2.2 Discussion on formative manufacturing
Materials for formative manufacturing
Accessibility of formative manufacturing
1.4.3 Additive manufacturing
1.4.3.1 Examples of additive manufacturing
Light-assisted 3D printing
Extrusion-based 3D printing
Inkjet 3D printing
1.4.3.2 Discussion on additive manufacturing
Materials for additive manufacturing
Printer resolution versus channel dimension in additive manufacturing
Material transparency versus device transparency in additive manufacturing
Rapid prototyping
1.5 Outlook
References
2
Critical factors affecting cells behavior in microfluidic chips
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellular microenvironment
2.2.1 Biochemical microenvironment
2.2.2 Biophysical microenvironment.
2.2.3 Physicochemical microenvironment
2.2.4 Geometrical microenvironment
2.3 Components of cellular microenvironment
2.3.1 Extracellular matrix
2.3.2 Adjacent cells
2.3.3 Soluble factors
2.4 External stimuli
2.5 Summary
References
3
Cell-based assays on microfluidic chips
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Significance of cell-based assay
3.3 Microfluidic cell-based assay systems
3.3.1 Cell-based assays on continuous-flow microfluidics
3.3.2 Cell-based assays on droplet microfluidics
3.3.3 Cell-based assays on digital microfluidics
3.3.4 Cell-based assays on paper microfluidics
3.4 Applications of microfluidic cell-based assays
3.4.1 High-throughput screening
3.4.2 Expression and activity of ion channels
3.4.3 Cellular chemotaxis: responding to chemical gradients
3.4.4 Simple cell-based platforms
3.4.5 Toxicity analysis
3.4.6 Three-dimensional cell culture systems
3.5 Conclusions
References
4
Cell culture techniques in microfluidic chips
4.1 Overview on cell culture
4.2 Microenvironmental factors affecting cell culture
4.2.1 Cell-ECM interactions
4.2.2 Cell-to-cell communications
4.2.3 Nutrients and oxygen supply
4.2.4 pH of medium
4.2.5 Temperature of culture medium
4.2.6 Shear stress
4.3 Microfluidic systems for culture based on substrate material
4.3.1 Glass-based devices
4.3.2 Paper-based devices
4.3.3 Polymer-based devices
4.4 Cell culture techniques in microfluidic systems
4.4.1 Two-dimensional cell culture platforms
4.4.2 Three-dimensional cell culture platforms
4.5 Conventional matrix-free 3D culture methods with microfluidics
4.5.1 Hanging-drop
4.5.2 Liquid overlay
4.5.3 Magnetic levitation
4.6 Matrix-based 3D culture in microfluidics
4.6.1 Hydrogel matrices.
4.7 Microfluidic platforms for cell culture based on fluid flow type
4.7.1 Continuous flow-based culture in microfluidics
4.7.2 Droplet-based culture in microfluidics
4.8 Digital microfluidics
4.9 Coculture, organs-on-a-chip, and organoids-on-a-chip
4.10 Conclusion
References
5
Advances in skin-on-a-chip and skin tissue engineering
5.1 Background
5.1.1 Anatomy and function of human skin
5.1.2 Current models to study skin
5.2 Tissue engineering of human skin
5.2.1 Simple engineered skin constructs
5.2.2 Advanced engineered skin constructs
5.3 Skin-on-a-chip systems and applications
5.3.1 2D cultures of skin cells on a chip
5.3.2 3D full-thickness skin-on-chip models
5.3.2.1 Skin physiology and aging
5.3.2.2 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies
5.3.2.3 Inflammation and wound healing
5.3.2.4 Immune response to infection
5.3.3 Multiorgan chips integrating skin
5.4 Remaining challenges
References
6
Blood vessels-on-a-chip
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design of microfluidic devices
6.2.1 Polydimethylsiloxane microchannels
6.2.2 Hydrogel microchannels
6.2.3 Self-assembled networks
6.2.4 Intact small artery-on-a-chip
6.3 Microfluidic cell culture systems designed for mechanical stimuli
6.3.1 Flow culture systems
6.3.2 Cell stretching systems
6.3.3 Cell compression systems
6.4 Analyzing vascular phenomena using model systems
6.4.1 Blood flow
6.4.1.1 Fluid shear stress
6.4.1.2 Cell strain
6.4.1.3 Cell compression
6.4.1.4 Interstitial flow
6.4.2 Angiogenesis
6.4.3 Endothelial permeability
6.4.4 Thrombosis and hemostasis
6.4.5 Coculture
6.4.5.1 Pericytes
6.4.5.2 Smooth muscle cells
6.4.5.3 Lymphatic ECs
6.5 Conclusions
References
7
Liver-on-a-chip
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Liver physiology.
7.3 Considerations for higher physiological relevancy in an LOC
7.3.1 Cell-cell interactions
7.3.1.1 Improvement of hepatocyte activity
7.3.1.2 NPCs specific functions
7.3.2 Spatial configuration
7.3.2.1 3D structure
7.3.2.2 Precise patterning
7.3.3 Material properties
7.3.3.1 Scaffold material
7.3.3.2 Microchip material
7.3.4 Perfusion
7.3.4.1 Material exchange
7.3.4.2 Shear stress
7.3.5 Gradient
7.4 LOC studies
7.4.1 Physiological models
7.4.2 Pathophysiological models
7.4.2.1 NAFLD
7.4.2.2 ALD
7.4.2.3 Fibrosis
7.4.2.4 HBV
7.4.2.5 Cancer study
7.5 MOC
7.6 Conclusions
Nomenclature
References
8
Lung-on-a-chip
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fabrication and system parameters
8.3 Lung-on-chip
8.3.1 Lung-on-a-chip in physiological studies
8.3.2 Lung-on-a-chip in the pathology of lung disease
8.3.3 Lung-on-a-chip in lung cancer
8.3.4 Lung-on-a-chip in drug development
8.4 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
References
9
Kidney-on-a-chip
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Kidney-on-a-chip
9.2.1 Design and fabrication
9.2.2 Cells used for kidney-on-a-chip systems
9.2.2.1 Cell lines
9.2.2.2 Primary cells
9.2.2.3 Stem and progenitor cells
9.2.3 Structural materials used in organ-on-a-chip systems
9.2.4 Components of kidney-on-a-chip
9.2.4.1 Glomerulus-on-a-chip
9.2.4.2 Proximal tubule-on-a-chip
9.2.4.3 Distal tubule/collecting duct on-a-chip
9.2.5 Multicomponent kidney-on-a-chip
9.2.6 Multi-organ-on-a-chip systems that include kidney-on-a-chip
9.3 Applications of kidney-on-a-chip systems
9.3.1 Physiological studies
9.3.2 Disease models and pathophysiological studies
9.3.2.1 Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney failure
9.3.2.2 Virus-induced disease models
9.3.3 Drug development and testing.
9.3.3.1 Drug screening using cellular models
9.3.3.2 Metal-induced nephrotoxicity
9.3.3.3 Drug transporter interaction
9.4 Current challenges and future outlook
9.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10
Eye-on-a-chip
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Anatomical structure of the eye, diseases, and treatments
10.3 Engineered models
10.3.1 Theoretical models
10.3.2 In vivo models
10.3.3 Ex vivo models
10.3.4 In vitro models
10.3.5 Microengineered human eye-on-chips
10.4 Fabrication technique of tissue models
10.5 Recent studies and advances of eye-on-the-chips
10.6 Outlook
References
11
Pancreas-on-a-chip
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Physiology of pancreatic islets
11.3 Design considerations of a POC
11.3.1 Cell source
11.4 Microenvironment of the islets
11.5 Trapping site for islets
11.6 Integration of analytical tools
11.7 Applications of POCs
11.7.1 Islet physiology and biology
11.8 Drug development
11.9 Islet quality assurance for transplantation
11.10 Patient-specific POC
11.11 MOC
11.12 Conclusions
Nomenclature
References
12
Musculoskeletal tissue-on-a-chip
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Bone marrow-on-a-chip: a general overview
12.1.2 Bone marrow-on-a-chip: utilizing nanotechnology to simulate bone marrow microenvironment
12.1.3 Bone marrow-on-a-chip: diseases treatment application
12.1.4 Bone marrow-on-a-chip: testing new drugs and therapeutics
12.1.5 Cartilage-on-a-chip: design and manufacturing techniques
12.1.6 Cartilage-on-a-chip: disease treatment application
12.1.7 Cartilage-on-a-chip: potential application for implantation
12.1.8 Cartilage-on-a-chip: testing new drugs and therapeutics
12.1.9 Skeletal muscle on-a-chip: design and manufacturing techniques.