Spinal interneurons : plasticity after spinal cord injury /
The spinal cord is comprised of four types of neurons: motor neurons, pre-ganglionic neurons, ascending projection neurons, and spinal interneurons. Interneurons are neurons that process information within local circuits, and have an incredible ability for neuroplasticity, whether due to persistent...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London, UK :
Academic Press,
2023.
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| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Spinal Interneurons
- Spinal Interneurons: Plasticity after Spinal Cord Injury
- Copyright
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- I
- Spinal interneurons
- motor and sensory neuronal networks
- 1
- The neuronal cell types of the spinal cord
- Introduction
- History of research on spinal cord neurons
- Classification systems for spinal cord interneuron cell types
- Anatomy
- Morphology
- Connectivity
- Electrophysiology
- Neurochemistry
- Molecular markers
- Embryonic lineage
- Multiomics profiling
- Perspective
- The dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord
- Superficial dorsal neurons
- Laminae I-II
- Laminae II-III
- Deep dorsal neurons
- Laminae III-IV
- Laminae V-VI
- Perspective
- The ventral horn neurons of the spinal cord
- V0 lineage
- V1 lineage
- V2 lineage
- Motor neuron lineage
- V3 lineage
- Dorsally derived ventral neurons
- Perspective
- Future directions for understanding spinal cord neuron types
- Broader views on anatomy
- Context-dependent function of spinal cord cell types
- Dynamic perspectives on cell types and cell states
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 2
- Identified interneurons contributing to locomotion in mammals
- Introduction
- Organization of spinal locomotor interneurons
- Spinal interneurons with locomotor functions
- Transcription factor code to identify interneuron populations
- V0 interneurons
- V1 interneurons
- V2 interneurons
- V2a interneurons
- V2b interneurons
- V3 interneurons
- Dorsally derived interneuron populations
- dI3 interneurons
- dI6 interneurons
- Other populations
- Hb9 interneurons
- Shox2 interneurons
- Limitations of transcription factor code
- Interneurons in a locomotor framework
- There are flexor and extensor burst generators on each side of the cord.
- Interneurons involved in touch perception
- Projection neurons involved in touch perception
- LTMR circuits, what do they do?
- Touch influences the way we move and recover from spinal cord injury
- Cutaneous input modulates motor output
- Interneurons involved in touch-motor circuits
- Touch and motor recovery
- Future challenges and direction in unraveling spinal LTMR circuits
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 4
- Spinal interneurons and pain: identity and functional organization of dorsal horn neurons in acute and persiste ...
- Introduction
- Molecular organization of the dorsal horn
- Lamina I
- Lamina II
- Laminae III-IV
- Acute pain signaling
- Spinal projection neurons in acute pain
- Lamina I projection neurons
- Laminae III-V projection neuron
- Spinal interneurons
- Laminae I-II interneurons
- Laminae III-V interneurons
- Spinal mechanisms of chronic pain
- Superficial SDH interneuron subpopulations and chronic pain
- Lamina II interneurons and chronic pain
- Somatostatin lineage interneurons
- Dynorphin interneurons
- Protein kinase C gamma interneurons
- Calretinin interneurons
- Laminae III-IV interneurons and chronic pain
- Neuropeptide Y interneurons
- Parvalbumin interneurons
- Transient VGLUT3 interneurons
- Cholecystokinin interneurons
- Early receptor tyrosine kinase interneurons
- Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- References
- 5
- Cholinergic spinal interneurons
- Introduction
- Cholinergic dorsal horn interneurons
- Central canal cluster cells within lamina X
- Partition cells in the intermediate gray matter
- Conclusions
- List of abbreviations
- References
- 6
- Spinal interneurons, motor synergies, and modularity
- Introduction
- The comparative neuroethology and evolutionary perspective on synergy.
- The evolutionary history of interneuron systems-comparative evolution
- Natural selection pressures and the comparative perspective
- Selection and constraints that might favor conserved and highly "anticipatory" organization of many parts of spinal circuitry
- Neuromechanics perspectives on motor synergies
- Motor primitives and synergies in relation to spinal interneuron systems
- Mechanism 1: temporal burst elements as primitives
- Mechanism 2: time-varying synergy elements
- Mechanism 3: spatial synergy elements
- Mechanism 4: unitary bursts of a spatial motor synergy
- Mechanism 5: primitives in self-organized pattern formation
- Mechanism 6: primitives in flexible combinations of rhythm and pattern element mechanisms
- Neurophysiological support of unitary interneuron circuits tied to motor synergies
- Stimulation results supporting motor synergies
- Afferent manipulation effects on unitary motor synergies
- Identifying interneuron projections with spike triggered averaging
- Trunk and higher level spinal interactions with motor synergies
- Developmental issues-interneuronal infrastructure and functional stability over the lifespan
- Neuroengineering with spinal interneuron systems
- Neuroengineering methods
- Intraspinal microstimulation
- Epidural stimulation
- Optogenetics
- Plasticity induced by neuroengineered interventions and rehabilitation efforts-motor synergy stability
- Crafted and contingent stimulation strategies for plasticity and motor synergies
- Cross-talk and integration of motor synergy and autonomic pathways?
- Discussion and conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- II
- Spinal interneurons
- a role in injury and disease
- 7
- Propriospinal neurons as relay pathways from brain to spinal cord
- Introduction.
- Direct and indirect pathways from the brain to spinal cord motor neurons
- Direct pathways between the motor cortex and spinal motor neurons for hand dexterity
- Indirect pathways between the motor cortex and spinal motor neurons enable hand dexterity: corticospinal propriospinal pathways
- Spinal interneurons propagate locomotor commands from supraspinal locomotor regions
- PNs reconnect supraspinal neurons and spinal motor neurons
- PNs reconstitute local spinal circuits to bypass lesions after SCI
- Dormant relay pathways after SCI: formation of maladaptive plasticity in injured spinal cord
- Peri-lesion hyperinhibition after SCI silences relay circuits
- Maladaptive sensorimotor circuits below the injury
- Therapeutic strategies for SCI: utilizing spinal interneurons
- Correction of maladaptive SpIN activity in the brain-spinal relay circuit to promote locomotion recovery
- Concluding remarks
- Abbreviations
- References
- 8
- Changes in motor outputs after spinal cord injury
- Introduction
- Muscle spasms following spinal cord injury
- Descending neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits
- Mechanisms of motor outputs following injury
- Changes in motor neuron excitability
- The role of motor neuron PICs in generating muscle spasms
- Unregulated sensory inputs after injury
- Loss of descending serotonergic neuromodulation
- Broadening of sensory receptive fields
- Bursting deep dorsal horn interneurons
- Changes in genetically identified spinal interneurons after injury
- dI3 interneurons
- dI6 interneurons
- V0 interneurons
- V1 and V2b interneurons
- V2a interneurons
- V3 interneurons
- Excitation-inhibition balance in spinal interneurons
- Increased premotor excitatory drive
- Decreased activity/efficacy of inhibitory synaptic drive
- Concluding remarks
- Abbreviations
- References.
- 9
- Spinal interneurons and breathing.