Handbook of animal models in neurological disorders /

Handbook of Animal Models in Neurological Disorders will better readers' understanding of a large variety of animal models and their applicability in studying a number of neurological disorders. Featuring sections on brain injury, stroke and neuroinflammation, this volume discusses in detail th...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Martin, Colin R., 1964-, Patel, Vinood B., Preedy, Victor R.
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	London : Academic Press, 2023.
Subjects:	Nervous system > Diseases. Animal models in research. Nervous System Diseases Système nerveux > Maladies. Modèles animaux dans la recherche. Animal models in research Nervous system > Diseases Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Intro
Handbook of Animal Models in Neurological Disorders
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Alzheimers disease and dementias
Chapter 1: Alzheimers disease preliminary screening in zebrafish integrating behavioral models and molecular markers
Introduction
Evaluation of cognitive performance through behavioral tasks in AD
Learning and memory protocol
Y maze test
Two trial Y-maze task
Y-maze avoidance
T-maze task
Three-day T-maze protocol (T-maze with a passive avoidance test)
Novel object recognition (NOR)
Object location tasks
Inhibitory avoidance learning
A one-trial inhibitory avoidance task
Three-day protocol inhibitory avoidance
Anxiety models
Novel tank test
Novel approach test
Light/dark test (LDT)
Open field test (OFT)
Transgenic fish model
Gene downregulation or silencing
Morpholino
Protein upregulation
Ectopic expression of mRNA
Transgenesis
Genome editing
CRISPR CAS-9
Further molecular techniques
Summary points
References
Chapter 2: Sporadic Alzheimers disease animal model using streptozotocin and APP/PS1 mice
Introduction
Overview of Alzheimers disease (AD)
Transgenic AD mice models
APP/PS1
Brain insulin signaling in AD and the relevance of intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin (STZ) injections to model AD
Details of the animal model
Animals
Experimental design
ICV injection of STZ
STZ preparation
Stereotaxic apparatus and ICV injection of STZ
Surgical procedure
Post-surgical animal care
Behavioral testing
Humane killing and tissue collection
Overview of key research findings observed in the STZ-APP/PS1 mouse model
Advantages and disadvantages
Other model systems
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References.
Details of Drosophila models
Fly stocks and suppliers
Fly foods
Treatment of flies
Choice of anesthesia
Study periods and age preferences
Sex
Feeding drugs to Drosophila
Doses of chemicals or substances
Commonly used tools to study Drosophila ALS models
Balancer chromosomes
GAL4-UAS-targeted expression system
Genome editing
Commonly used assays with Drosophila ALS models
Viability and life span assays
Locomotive assay
Activity monitoring
Pavlovian-type larval learning assay
Dissection and visualization of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Detection of neurotransmitters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Biochemical assay for aggregated proteins
Utilization of Drosophila ALS models targeting FUS to identify genetic interactants
Utilization of Drosophila ALS models targeting UBQLNs to examine the role of proteostasis in the pathogenesis of ALS
Advantages and disadvantages of Drosophila ALS models
Other model systems
Rodent ALS models targeting FUS
Rodent ALS models targeting UBQLN
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Drosophila ALS models targeting FUS and ubiquilin
Summary points
References
Chapter 7: The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1G93A mouse model and applications: Studies into the P2X7 receptor
Introduction
Gene mutations found in ALS patients that are being modeled in mice
The SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS
Neuroinflammation and P2X7 receptors in ALS pathogenesis
Trial protocol to test the effects of P2X7R blockers in SOD1G93A mice
Animal selection and methodology
Mouse genotyping
Drug and placebo treatment
Monitoring of body weight
Monitoring of motor coordination
Neurological score of ALS
Tissue collection, preparation and immunostaining
Motoneuron counting at the spinal cord.
Monitoring of biomarkers by western blot
Statistical analysis
The controversial outcomes of studies on the therapeutic potential of P2X7R blockers in SOD1G93A mice
Conclusions and perspectives
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of ALS
Summary points
References
Chapter 8: Modeling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis through Ataxin-2 pathology
Introduction
Details of the animal model
Generation of the Atxn2-CAG100-KIN model and colony statistics
Phenotypic progression of the disease
Impact of nutrition on survival
Histopathology throughout the central nervous system
Mutant ATXN2 abundance
Molecular findings: Transcriptome alterations
Molecular findings: Lipid metabolism alterations
Advantages and disadvantages of the model
Other model systems
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of Ataxin-2 PolyQ expansions
Summary points
References
Part III: Brain injury
Chapter 9: Drosophila melanogaster model of traumatic brain injury: Investigating the pharmacodynamics of volatile anesth ...
Introduction
The need for novel experimental TBI strategies
Genetics and anesthetics: Two fundamental limitations of mammalian models
The fly model
Fly genome and biology
The fly brain
Anesthesia in flies is analogous to higher animals
Details of the fruit fly model
Injury: the HIT device
Anesthesia: the SAA
Key feature 1: TBI in the context of polytrauma
Key feature 2: Unanesthetized controls
Key feature 3: Responsiveness to genetic modifiers
Key feature 4: Collections of genetically identical individuals
Key feature 5: Mortality (the MI24) as read-out
Key feature 6: Locomotion (climbing assay) as complementary read-out
Findings and advances from the fruit fly-anesthesia-TBI model
The TBI component
The anesthesia component: VGAs suppress mortality.
VGAs can increase mortality
Advantages and disadvantages of the model(s)
The fruit fly is an experimentally flexible model
Limitations of our fruit fly model
A priori skepticism
Mechanism of injury
Other model systems
TBI
Anesthesia
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of the D. melanogaster model of TBI
Key facts of TBI and sBI
Key facts of VGAs and the brain
Summary points
References
Chapter 10: Mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (investigating cognitive impairment)
Introduction
A mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury
Assessment of cognitive impairment
Y-Maze
Morris water maze (MWM)
Radial arm water maze (RAWM)
Modified Barnes maze
Contextual and cued fear conditioning
Applying cognitive tests in repetitive mTBI research
Advantages and disadvantages of the model
Other model systems
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of controlled cortical impact injury (CCI)
Summary points
Reference
Chapter 11: Blood-brain barrier damage following mild traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Modeling human TBI
Preclinical rodent models of mild TBI
Open-head models of TBI
Closed-head weight drop model
Closed-head piston-driven models
Experimental blast-induced injury
Breaching the integrity of the blood-brain barrier
The structural components of the BBB subserve its purpose
Endothelial cells of the BBB
Drugs targeting vascular endothelial cells
Pericytes and the BBB
Drugs targeting pericytes
Astrocytes and the BBB
Microglial contributions to the BBB
TBI and the endothelial glycocalyx
Tight junction-associated proteins after TBI
Efflux transporters on the brain endothelial cells
Ramifications of BBB breakdown in TBI
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms.