Seismic while drilling : fundamentals of drill-bit seismic for exploration /
Seismic While Drilling: Fundamentals of Drill-Bit Seismic for Exploration, 2nd edition, revised and extended gives a theoretical and practical introduction to seismic while drilling by using drill-bit noise. While drilling seismic methods using surface sources and downhole receivers are also analyse...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Corporate Author: | |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam :
Elsevier,
2022.
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| Edition: | Second edition. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Connect to the full text of this electronic book |
Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Seismic While Drilling
- Copyright
- Contents
- About the authors
- Preface to the second edition
- Preface to the first edition
- Acknowledgments
- Glossary of main symbols
- Conversion factors for the main physical quantities
- 1 Introduction and overview
- 1.1 Geophysics for exploration and drilling
- 1.2 Conventional borehole seismic methods
- 1.2.1 Vertical seismic profile
- 1.2.2 Typical acquisition geometries of conventional VSP
- 1.2.3 Conventional processing of VSP data
- 1.2.4 Other uses of conventional VSP
- 1.2.5 Synthetic seismogram
- 1.2.6 Integrated interpretation of well seismic data
- 1.3 Motivation for seismic while drilling
- 1.4 History of the use of the drill-bit signal
- 1.4.1 Measuring the drilling vibrations
- 1.4.2 Other fields and methods of application
- 1.4.3 Overview of the tools utilized for SWD
- 1.5 SWD method
- 1.6 Main products obtainable while drilling
- 1.7 Measurement while drilling and SWD perspectives
- 2 Principles of drilling
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Drilling a well
- 2.3 Main well components
- 2.3.1 Drilling site
- 2.3.2 Derrick
- 2.3.3 Rig power system
- 2.3.4 Drawwork
- 2.3.5 Rope lines
- 2.3.6 Mobile-hoisting block
- 2.3.7 Rotary systems
- Top drive
- Rotary-table or kelly system
- Downhole-rotary systems
- Downhole motors
- Turbines
- Use of positive-displacement motors and turbines
- 2.3.8 Roto-percussive systems
- 2.3.9 Drilling floor or rotary kelly-bush level
- 2.3.10 Wellhead and blowout preventers
- 2.3.11 Drill string
- Drill pipes
- Bottomhole assembly (bha)
- Drill-string loads
- Drill-string dimension and safe rotary speeds
- 2.3.12 The bit
- Roller-cone bit
- Natural diamond bits
- Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit
- 2.3.13 Special bits
- 2.3.14 Casing
- 2.3.15 Pumps
- 2.3.16 Drilling mud.
- 2.3.17 Mud circulating line
- 2.3.18 Logistics and laboratories
- 2.3.19 Drilling parameters and mudlogging
- 2.3.20 Measurement while drilling and mud-pulse telemetry
- Mud pulse
- Wired pipes
- Electromagnetic
- Acoustic telemetry in pipes
- 2.3.21 Logging while drilling
- 2.3.22 Pressure sampling while drilling
- 2.3.23 Wellsite communication systems
- 2.4 Drilling offshore
- 2.5 Directional and deviated wells
- 2.5.1 Directional drilling
- Monitoring directional drilling
- Axial loads in directional wells
- Drill-string rotation and axial forces
- 2.5.2 Horizontal and extended-reach drilling
- 2.5.3 Multi-lateral wells
- 2.5.4 Steering of drilling
- 2.5.5 Slim holes and coil tubing
- 2.6 Designing a well
- 2.6.1 Evaluation of the borehole pressure
- 2.6.2 Selection of the casing depths (seats)
- 2.6.3 Design of the mud plan and subsurface well control
- 2.6.4 Design of the bottomhole assembly
- Dogleg severity, drill-pipe fatigue and key-seat problems
- Sticking of pipes
- Other problems related to doglegs
- 2.6.5 BHA rigidity and drill-string stabilization
- Packed-hole assembly
- Pendulum assembly
- Reducing weight on bit
- 2.6.6 Stiffness of the drill collars
- Design of the cross sections and bending stresses
- Bottomhole-assembly buckling
- 2.6.7 Bit planning
- Formation hardness/abrasiveness
- Directional control and bit type
- Bit selection and drilling method
- Bit size
- Bit and rotary speed
- Evaluation of bit wear
- 2.7 Classification of drill-bit types
- 2.7.1 Roller-bit classification according to IADC
- A Major-group (or ``series'') classification
- B Sub-group (or ``type'') classification
- C Specialty feature
- Bit cones
- 2.7.2 Diamond-bit classification
- PDC bits
- Fixed cutter classification according to IADC
- 3 General theory: drill-bit seismic waves
- 3.1 Introduction.
- 3.2 Reciprocity principle
- 3.3 Normal while-drilling VSP
- 3.4 Drill-bit seismic source for RVSP
- 3.4.1 Drill-bit signal characterization
- 3.5 Total drilling power
- 3.5.1 Energy losses for drill-string torque friction
- 3.5.2 Effects of drag friction
- 3.5.3 Downhole motor drilling
- 3.6 Energy analysis in terms of drilling parameters
- 3.6.1 Specific energy-required to drill a unit volume of rock
- 3.6.2 ``Perfect-cleaning'' theory of drilling
- 3.6.3 Dimensionless drilling parameters
- 3.6.4 Rotary-drilling model (dimensionless parameters)
- 3.7 Energy balance in rock fracture
- 3.7.1 New-surface energy
- 3.7.2 ``Elastic-strain'' (heat) energy
- 3.7.3 Stress waves produced in loading/unloading
- 3.8 Radiation of energy from the bit (far-field effects)
- 3.8.1 Radiation from a surface harmonic force
- 3.8.2 Radiation from a downhole harmonic force
- 3.8.3 Integrated downhole-radiation impedance
- 3.8.4 Total P+SV power radiated in the formation
- 3.8.5 Radiation from a nonharmonic force
- 3.9 Near-field effects
- 3.9.1 Phase of the harmonic wave components
- 3.9.2 Near-field axial displacement
- 3.9.3 Energy flux and near-field effects
- 3.9.4 Complex impedance
- 3.9.5 Waves from a pressure source at the origin
- 3.9.6 Relationship between rotary-drilling power and radiated power
- 3.10 Balance of the borehole and radiated power
- 3.10.1 Measuring the power of axial drill-string waves
- 4 General theory: drill-bit seismic sources
- 4.1 Introduction: drill-bit versus conventional seismic sources
- 4.2 Roller-cone bit as a periodic vibration source
- 4.2.1 Vibrations induced by teeth indention
- 4.2.2 Vibrations induced by lobed patterns
- 4.2.3 Pore pressure and roller-cone bit forces
- 4.2.4 Effects of teeth wear on roller-cone vibrations
- 4.3 Roller-cone bit as a wideband seismic source.
- 4.3.1 Unevenness of the formation, random breakage process
- 4.3.2 Bandwidth amplification by vibration-mode coupling
- Torsional modulation of lobe-axial vibrations
- 4.3.3 Roller-cone bit as a high-frequency source
- 4.4 PDC bit as a vibration source
- 4.5 Analysis of PDC single-cutter forces
- 4.5.1 Direction of single-cutter force
- 4.5.2 Influence of wear on PDC performance parameters
- 4.5.3 Influence of downhole pressure on cutter forces
- 4.6 Dynamic variation of PDC-cutter forces
- 4.6.1 Dynamic models of the PDC axial vibrations
- 4.6.2 PDC bit forces and drilling parameters
- 4.7 Summary of large bit-vibration modes
- 4.8 Percussion drilling as a SWD source
- 4.8.1 Field test by diamond-bit and percussion drilling
- 4.9 Bit vibrations induced by mud-pressure modulation
- 4.10 Numerical examples of drill-bit vibrations
- 4.11 Radiation properties of conventional sources
- 4.11.1 Vibroseis source
- Single vertical vibrator
- Array of vertical vibrators
- 4.11.2 Radiation from marine sources
- Air and water guns
- 4.12 Radiation from drill-bit and conventional sources
- 5 General theory: drill-string waves and noise fields
- 5.1 Introduction: drill-string vibration analysis
- 5.2 Drill-string waves
- 5.2.1 Axial drill-string waves
- 5.2.2 Torsional drill-string waves
- 5.2.3 Transversal and flexural drill-string waves
- Vibrating-rope approximation
- Bending vibrations
- 5.2.4 Coupled extensional and flexural drill-string waves
- 5.3 Attenuation of extensional waves
- 5.3.1 Attenuation of vibrations by shock absorbers
- 5.4 Waves in periodic and non-periodic drill strings
- 5.4.1 Wave propagation in periodic strings
- 5.4.2 Wave propagation in non-periodic strings
- 5.4.3 Group velocity in non-periodic string
- 5.4.4 Average drill-string properties
- Average dynamic properties.
- Average static properties
- 5.4.5 Group velocity at low frequency
- Examples of group velocity
- 5.5 Drill-bit mud waves
- 5.5.1 Acoustic properties of drilling mud
- 5.5.2 Velocities of the acoustic mud waves
- 5.5.3 Sensitivity analysis for acoustic mud velocity
- 5.5.4 Guided waves in SWD data
- 5.5.5 Velocities of the mud-guided waves
- 5.5.6 Sensitivity analysis for velocity of mud-guided waves
- 5.6 Coupled pipe-mud-formation guided waves
- 5.6.1 Dispersion and polarization of coupled pilot waves
- 5.6.2 Conical head waves in the formation (borehole radiation)
- Mach shear waves
- Drill-string head waves
- 5.7 Summary of drill-string waves
- 5.8 Surface/rigsite noise wavefields
- 5.9 Drill-string noise and borehole interactions
- 5.10 Drill-string transmission line
- 5.10.1 Reflection coefficients in the drill string
- Reflection coefficients for flexural motions
- Drill-string rigidity and reflection coefficients
- 5.11 Bit/rock reflection coefficient
- 5.11.1 Bit/rock reflection coefficient (plane-wave approximation)
- The constitutive equations (bit/rock contact)
- Real bit/rock reflection coefficient (plane waves)
- Bit/rock coefficient and formation impedance
- 5.11.2 Complex bit/rock reflection coefficient (near-field approximation)
- 5.11.3 Drill-string waves and near-field effects
- Complex bit/rock coefficient
- 5.11.4 Bit-source displacement model with penetration
- 5.12 Dual fields in the drill string
- 5.12.1 Dual (displacement and strain) reflection coefficients
- Reflection coefficients of displacement waves
- Reflection coefficients of strain waves
- 5.12.2 Dual fields in the drill-string transmission line
- 5.12.3 Dual near-bit measurements
- 6 SWD acquisition: tools and systems
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Signal recognition and acquisition layout
- 6.3 Pilot sensors and transducers.