Carotenoids : carotenoid and apocarotenoid analysis /

Carotenoids: Carotenoid and Apocarotenoid Analysis, Volume 670, the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume covering Getting to know carotenoids, Laser capture of tissues for micro-scale carotenoid analyses, Metabolic engineering...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors:	Wurtzel, Eleanor Tamar (Editor)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	[S.l.] : Elsevier Academic Press, 2022.
Series:	Methods in enzymology ; 670.
Subjects:	Carotenoids > Analysis. Caroténoïdes > Analyse. Carotenoids > Analysis Carotenoides. Electronic books. Llibres electrònics.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Intro
Carotenoids: Carotenoid and Apocarotenoid Analysis
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter One: Getting to know carotenoids
1. Introduction
2. Carotenoids
2.1. Main structural features
2.2. The polyene chain
2.2.1. Configuration
2.2.2. Conformation
2.3. Cyclic end groups
2.3.1. Ring shape
2.3.2. Absolute configuration (chirality)
2.3.3. Conformation of the ring-chain junction
2.4. Nomenclature
2.5. IUPAC semi-systematic nomenclature
2.5.1. Geometrical (cis/trans) isomers
2.5.2. Chiral carotenoids: Absolute configuration
2.6. Relationship between structure and properties
2.6.1. Solubility
2.6.2. Molecular shape
2.6.3. Geometrical (cis/trans) isomers and isomerization
2.6.4. Light absorption
2.6.5. Reactivity and oxidation
3. Apocarotenoids
3.1. Diversity
3.2. Apocarotenoid naming
3.3. Numbering
3.4. Practical considerations
4. Working with carotenoids
4.1. Safety
4.2. Avoiding oxidation
4.3. Avoiding other artifacts
4.4. Purity and contamination
5. Extraction
5.1. General considerations
5.2. Procedure (Schiedt &amp
Liaaen-Jensen, 1995)
5.3. Saponification
5.4. Evaporation
5.5. Microbial samples
6. Quantitative analysis
6.1. The absorption spectrum and spectrophotometric analysis
6.2. Procedure
6.3. Level of precision
7. Isolation and purification
7.1. General strategy
7.2. Non-chromatographic methods
7.2.1. Precipitation
7.2.2. Partition
7.2.3. Crystallization
7.3. Chromatography
7.3.1. Principles
7.3.2. Column chromatography
7.3.3. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
8. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
8.1. General features
8.2. Stationary phases
8.2.1. Normal phase
8.2.2. Reversed phase
8.3. Mobile phases
8.4. General recommendations.
9. Identification
9.1. UV/visible light absorption spectroscopy
9.1.1. UV/vis spectrum and chromatographic behavior
9.1.2. Relationship between UV/vis spectrum and chromophore
9.1.3. Z-isomers
9.1.4. Microscale spectroscopic tests
9.2. Mass spectrometry (MS)
9.3. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
9.4. Circular dichroism (CD)
9.5. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
9.6. Strategy for identification
10. Properties in situ
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Oxidation products
10.3. Aggregation
10.4. Interactions with other molecules
10.4.1. Lipids
10.4.2. Membranes
10.4.3. Proteins
11. Concluding remarks
References
Chapter Two: Purification and use of carotenoid standards to quantify cis-trans geometrical carotenoid isomers in plant t ...
1. Introduction
2. Carotenoid quantification
2.1. Absolute quantification per unit of weight
2.2. Absolute quantification per unit area
2.3. Composition of individual carotenoids relative to the total pool
2.4. An important toolbox of carotenoid ratios
3. High-performance liquid chromatography
3.1. Equipment
3.2. Consumables
3.3. Chemicals and solvents
4. Preparation of standards for absolute quantification
4.1. Separation, identification, and collection of carotenoid fractions
4.2. Quantification of the purified carotenoid by UV-Vis spectroscopy
4.3. Preparation of a standard curve and slope coefficient
5. Theoretical carotenoid slope coefficient
5.1. Calculating a theoretical carotenoid slope coefficient
5.2. Calculate carotenoid concentration using the theoretical slope coefficient
6. Comparison of theoretical, commercial, and purified standard slope coefficients designed for absolute quantification
7. Summary
8. Tips
Acknowledgment
References.
Chapter Three: Carotenoids: Carotenoid and apocarotenoid analysis-Use ofE. colito produce carotenoid standards
1. Introduction
2. E. coli strains and culture conditions
2.1. E. coli hosts for carotenoid biosynthesis
2.2. Culture conditions
3. Plasmids
3.1. Series of plasmids that confer biosynthesis of carotenoids in E. coli
3.2. pACHP series
3.3. pAC-HI series
3.4. pRK-HI series
4. Biosynthesized carotenoid standards
4.1. Individual carotenoids biosynthesized in E. coli as authentic standards
5. Preparation of carotenoid standards
5.1. Extraction and analysis of individual carotenoids from recombinant E. coli
5.2. Purification and analysis of carotenoids
6. Spectral data of carotenoid standards
6.1. Carotenes
6.2. Xanthophylls
6.3. C30-carotenoids and apocarotenoids
Acknowledgments
Availability of materials
References
Chapter Four: HPLC analysis of carotenoids from bacteria
1. Introduction: Structural diversity of bacterial carotenoids
2. Optical properties of carotenoids
3. General aspects on HPLC separation and identification
4. Instruction for analysis of bacterial carotenoids by HPLC
4.1. Procedures for extraction and pre-purification by partitioning
4.2. Notes
4.3. Separation examples
4.3.1. HPLC equipment and solvents
4.3.2. Application and resulting carotenoid separations
5. Quantification
5.1. Spectrophotometric determination of carotenoids
5.2. Calculations
5.3. Standard carotenoids and generation of a calibration curve
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter Five: Metabolomic approaches for the characterization of carotenoid metabolic engineering in planta
1. Introduction
2. Experimental design and approach
3. Targeted metabolite profiling of carotenoids and other isoprenoids
3.1. Preparation and resources.
3.2. Key resource table
3.3. Materials and equipment
3.4. Protocol
3.4.1. Sample preparation and carotenoid extraction
3.4.2. Sample reconstitution for chromatographic analysis
3.4.3. Chromatographic separation and detection of carotenoids
3.4.4. Identification and quantification of carotenoids and related isoprenoids
4. Untargeted LC-HRMS analysis of the metabolome
4.1. Preparation and resources
4.2. Key resource table
4.3. Materials and equipment
4.4. Protocol
4.4.1. Sample preparation and extraction
4.4.2. Sample reconstitution and LC-HRMS analysis
4.5. Expected outcomes, quantification, and data analysis
5. Metabolite profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
5.1. Preparation and resources
5.2. Key resource table
5.3. Materials and equipment
5.4. Protocol
5.4.1. Extraction of polar and non-polar metabolites
5.4.2. Derivatization of metabolites present in polar and non-polar extracts
5.4.3. Separation and analysis of derivatized extracts using GC-MS
6. Analysis of volatile compounds using solid phase matrix extraction (SPME) GC-MS
6.1. Key resource table
6.2. Materials and equipment
6.3. Protocol
6.3.1. Sample preparation prior to volatile analysis
6.3.2. Analysis of volatiles using SPME GC-MS
6.4. Outcomes and data analysis
7. Data integration and visualization
8. Summary and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Six: Carotenoid extraction, detection, and analysis in citrus
1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Equipment
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Samples
3. Carotenoid extraction, detection, and analysis with HPLC
3.1. Carotenoid extraction
3.2. Carotenoid detection
3.3. Carotenoid analysis
4. Carotenoid extraction, detection, and analysis with UHPLC-HRMS/MS
4.1. Carotenoid extraction.
4.2. Carotenoid detection
4.2.1. Qualitative detection
4.2.2. Quantitative detection
4.3. Carotenoid analysis
5. Summary
6. Notes
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter Seven: Laser capture of tomato pericarp tissues for microscale carotenoid analysis by supercritical fluid chromat ...
1. Introduction
1.1. Fruit developmental stage quantification using hyperspectral imaging
1.2. Laser microdissection slide preparation
1.3. Laser microdissection sample collection
1.4. Carotenoid extraction and analysis from nanoliter scale samples
2. Materials, equipment, and reagents
2.1. Materials
2.2. Equipment
2.3. Reagents
3. Protocols
3.1. Hyperspectral imaging of tomato fruit samples
3.2. Cryo-embedding of tomato pericarp samples
3.3. Cryosectioning of tomato pericarp samples
3.4. Laser microdissection of tomato pericarp cells
3.5. Carotenoid extraction of tomato pericarp cells
3.6. Carotenoid quantification
4. Results
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eight: Analysing intracellular isoprenoid metabolites in diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes
1. Introduction
1.1. Pre-culturing and culturing
1.2. Quenching and extraction
1.3. Analytics
1.4. Special considerations
1.5. Occupational health and safety
2. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
2.1. Pre-culturing and culturing
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Protocol
2.2. Quenching and extraction
2.2.1. Additional considerations
2.2.2. Materials
2.2.2.1. Equipment
2.2.2.2. Chemicals
2.2.2.3. Plasticware
2.2.2.4. Intracellular metabolite extraction buffer
2.2.2.5. Sample tubes required (per sample
label all tubes in advance)
2.2.3. Preparation on the day of the experiment
2.2.4. Quench and wash.