APPLICATIONS OF POLYURETHANES IN MEDICAL DEVICES.

Applications of Polyurethanes in Medical Devices provides detailed coverage of polyurethane (PU) chemistry, processing and preparation for performant medical devices. Polyurethanes have found many uses in medical applications, due to their biocompatibility, biostability, physical properties, surface...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	PADSALGIKAR, AJAY
Corporate Author:	ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format:	eBook
Language:	English
Published:	[S.l.] : WILLIAM ANDREW PUBLISHING, 2022.
Series:	PDL handbook series.
Subjects:	Polyurethanes in medicine. Biomedical materials. Polyurethanes. Prostheses and Implants Polyurethanes Biocompatible Materials Polyuréthannes en médecine. Biomatériaux. Polyuréthannes. Biomedical materials Polyurethanes in medicine Electronic books.
Online Access:	Connect to the full text of this electronic book

Table of Contents:

Front Cover
Applications of Polyurethanes in Medical Devices
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 An Introduction to Polyurethanes and Medical Devices
1.1 Polymers
1.1.1 Polymer Classification
1.1.2 Polyurethanes
1.1.3 Global Polymer and Polyurethane Markets
1.2 Medical Devices
1.2.1 Human Health
1.2.2 Medical Devices and Polymers
1.3 Polyurethanes as Biomaterials
1.3.1 Manufacturers of Polyurethane Biomaterials
References
2 Chemistry of Polyurethane Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History and Development of Polyurethanes
2.3 Polyurethane Raw Materials
2.3.1 Isocyanates
2.3.1.1 Toluene Diisocyanate
2.3.1.2 Methylene Diphenyl diisocyanate
2.3.1.3 Aliphatic Diisocyanates
2.3.1.3.1 Isocyanate Titration
2.3.2 Polyols
2.3.2.1 Polyether Polyol
2.3.2.2 Polycarbonate Polyol
2.3.2.3 Polysiloxane Polyol
2.3.2.4 Properties of Polyols
2.3.3 Chain Extenders
2.4 Polyurethane Reaction Chemistry
2.4.1 Reactivity of Isocyanates
2.4.2 Reactions in Urethane Formation
2.4.3 Reaction Kinetics
2.4.3.1 Kinetics of the Polyurethane Formation
2.4.4 Catalysis of Polyurethane Reaction
2.5 Manufacture of Polyurethanes
2.5.1 Bulk Polymerization Processes
2.5.2 Water-Based Polymerization
2.5.2.1 Preparation of the Polyurethane Dispersion
References
3 Structure and Properties of Polyurethanes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microstructure of Polyurethanes
3.3 Physical Characterization of Polyurethanes
3.3.1 Hardness
3.3.2 Tensile Properties
3.3.3 Creep, Fatigue, and Abrasion
3.3.4 Coefficient of Friction
3.3.5 Transmission Properties
3.3.6 Surface Properties
3.4 Morphological Characterization of Polyurethanes
3.4.1 Thermal Analysis
3.4.1.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3.4.1.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis.
3.4.2 Small Angle X-ray Scattering
3.4.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
3.4.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.5 Molecular Characterization of Polyurethanes
3.5.1 Gel Permeation Chromatography
3.5.2 Intrinsic Viscosity
3.5.3 Molecular Characterization Using Other Methods
References
4 Biological Properties of Polyurethanes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biocompatibility
4.2.1 In Vitro and In Vivo Tests
4.2.2 Cytotoxicity
4.2.3 Systemic Toxicity
4.2.4 Genotoxicity
4.2.4.1 In Vivo Genotoxicity
4.2.5 Toxicity Studies on Polyurethanes
4.2.6 Hemocompatibility
4.2.7 Irritation and Sensitization
4.2.8 Carcinogenicity
4.2.9 Implantation
4.3 Foreign Body Reaction
4.3.1 Protein Adsorption
4.3.2 Tissue Inflammation
4.4 Biological Degradation
4.4.1 Hydrolysis
4.4.2 Oxidation
4.5 Testing Techniques to Evaluate Biostability
4.5.1 In Vitro Tests
4.5.1.1 Hydrolysis-High Temperature Water Aging
4.5.1.2 In Vitro Oxidation
4.5.2 In Vivo Studies
4.5.3 Clinical Studies
4.6 Sterilization
4.6.1 Steam Sterilization
4.6.2 Dry Heat Sterilization
4.6.3 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization
4.6.4 Radiation Sterilization
References
Further Reading
5 Rheology and Processing of Polyurethanes
5.1 Rheology of Polymer Fluids
5.1.1 Basic Relations
5.1.2 The Equations of Continuity, Momentum, and Energy
5.1.3 Flow Fields
5.1.3.1 Steady-State Shear
5.1.3.2 Uniaxial Extensional Flow
5.1.4 Non-Newtonian Effects
5.1.4.1 Temperature Dependence
5.1.5 Rheometry
5.1.5.1 Capillary Rheometry
5.1.5.2 Cone and Plate Rheometry
5.1.5.3 Elongational Viscosity
5.1.6 Solution Rheology
5.2 Polyurethane Rheology
5.2.1 Microstructural Effects in Thermoplastic Polyurethane Rheology
5.2.2 Time Dependence of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Rheology.
5.2.3 Allophanate Bonds and their Effects on Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Rheology
5.3 Processing of Polyurethanes
5.3.1 Polymer Processing
5.3.2 Processing of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
5.3.2.1 Storage Conditions
5.3.2.2 Drying Conditions
5.3.2.3 Processing Conditions"
5.3.3 Gel Defects in Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
5.4 Polyurethane Scaffolds
5.5 Radiopacity in Polyurethane Formulations
References
6 Medical Applications of Polyurethanes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cardiovascular Devices
6.2.1 Cardiovascular System
6.2.2 Structure of the Cardiovascular System
6.2.2.1 Functioning of the Heart
6.2.2.2 Structure of the Heart
6.2.3 Systemic Circulation
6.2.4 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
6.2.4.1 Valvular Heart Disease
6.2.4.2 Heart Failure
6.2.4.3 Cardiac Arrhythmia
6.2.4.4 Coronary Artery Disease
6.2.4.5 Peripheral Artery Disease
6.2.4.6 Aortic Aneurysm
6.2.5 Medical Devices for Cardiovascular Diseases
6.2.5.1 Heart Valves
6.2.5.2 Heart Failure Devices
6.2.5.2.1 Ventricular Assist Device
6.2.5.2.2 Total Artificial Heart
6.2.5.3 Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices
6.2.5.3.1 Cardiac Rhythm Management Device Construction
6.2.5.3.2 Device Header
6.2.5.3.3 Device Leads
6.2.5.4 Cardiac Artery Disease Treatment
6.3 Orthopedic Devices
6.3.1 Function of the Musculoskeletal System
6.3.2 Structure of the Musculoskeletal System
6.3.2.1 Bones
6.3.2.2 Tendons and Ligaments
6.3.2.3 Joints
6.3.2.4 Cartilage
6.3.3 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
6.3.4 Medical Devices for Orthopedic System
6.3.5 Polyurethanes in Orthopedic Applications
6.4 Neurological Devices
6.4.1 Function of the Neurological System
6.4.2 Structure of the Neurological System
6.4.3 Disorders in Neurology
6.4.4 Medical Devices in Neurology.
6.4.5 Polyurethanes in Neurological Devices
6.5 Polyurethane Applications in Other Systems
6.5.1 Urological Devices
6.5.2 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices
6.5.2.1 Pancreas and Diabetes
6.5.2.2 Glucose Monitoring
6.5.2.3 Polyurethanes in Continuous Glucose Monitor Devices
6.5.3 Miscellaneous Applications
References
Further reading
7 Emerging Developments in Polyurethane Technology
7.1 Drug Delivery Applications of Polyurethanes
7.1.1 Sustained Drug Release
7.1.2 Drug Incorporation Techniques
7.1.3 Drug Elution Mechanisms
7.1.4 Drug Eluting Stents
7.1.4.1 Drug Release from Stents
7.1.4.2 Stent Coating Methods
7.1.4.2.1 Dexamethasone-eluting Stents
7.1.4.2.2 Heparin-coated Stents
7.1.4.2.3 Sirolimus-Eluting Stents
7.1.4.2.4 Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents
7.1.5 Polyurethanes in Drug Delivery
7.2 Surface Modification
7.2.1 Surface Modification Techniques
7.2.2 Surface Modification of Polyurethanes
7.2.3 Analysis of Surfaces
7.3 Biodegradable Polyurethanes
7.3.1 Mechanisms of Degradation
7.3.2 Polyol Effects on Degradability
7.3.3 Hard Segment and Degradability
7.3.4 Polyurethane Biodegradable Scaffolds
7.4 Polyurethane Nanocomposites
7.4.1 Nanocomposite Structures and Fabrication
7.4.2 Nanocomposites as Biomaterials
References
8 Safety, Health and Environmental Issues in Polyurethanes
8.1 Raw Materials in Polyurethanes
8.1.1 Diisocyanates
8.1.1.1 Diisocyanate Properties
8.1.1.2 Storage of Diisocyanates
8.1.1.3 Diisocyanate Toxicity
8.1.2 Polyols and Chain Extenders
8.2 Sustainable Polyurethanes
8.2.1 Isocyanate
8.2.2 Polyols
8.2.3 Solvents
References
Index
Back Cover.