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Nitrogen assessment : Pakistan as a case-study /

Nitrogen Assessment: Pakistan as a Case-Study provides a detailed overview of issues and challenges related to nitrogen use and overuse, thus serving as a reference for researchers in Pakistan and providing important insights for other geographic regions. Excess and inefficient nitrogen use in crops...

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Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Other Authors: Aziz, Tariq
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: London : Academic Press, 2022.
Subjects:
Nitrogen in agriculture > Environmental aspects > Pakistan.
Nitrogen in agriculture > Economic aspects > Pakistan.
Agricultural pollution > Pakistan.
Azote en agriculture > Aspect de l'environnement > Pākistān.
Azote en agriculture > Aspect économique > Pākistān.
Pollution agricole > Pākistān.
Agricultural pollution
Nitrogen in agriculture > Environmental aspects
Pakistan
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Front Cover
  • Nitrogen Assessment
  • Nitrogen Assessment Pakistan as a Case-Study
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Foreword
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1
  • Rethinking nitrogen use: need to plan beyond present
  • 1.1 Reactive nitrogen: a global challenge
  • 1.2 Nitrogen cycle and human intervention
  • 1.3 Nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture
  • 1.4 Pakistan N budget: past, present, and future perspectives
  • 1.5 Global attention toward nitrogen challenge
  • 1.6 Concluding remarks
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 2
  • Sources of nitrogen for crop growth: Pakistan's case
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Organic sources of nitrogen
  • 2.2.1 Farmyard manure
  • 2.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
  • 2.2.3 Green manuring
  • 2.2.4 Crop residues
  • 2.2.5 Poultry waste
  • 2.2.6 Sewage sludge
  • 2.3 Synthetic sources of nitrogen for crops
  • 2.3.1 Urea
  • 2.3.2 Diammonium phosphate
  • 2.3.3 Nitrophos
  • 2.3.4 Calcium ammonium nitrate
  • 2.4 Non conventional sources of N
  • 2.5 Conclusion
  • References
  • 3
  • Nitrogen sinks in the agro-food system of Pakistan
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Major N sinks in the agro-food systems
  • 3.2.1 Plants N uptake
  • 3.2.2 Livestock sector
  • 3.3 Humans food as N sink
  • 3.4 Atmosphere as N sink
  • 3.4.1 Ammonia volatilization
  • 3.4.2 Nitrogen oxides
  • 3.5 Soil as N sink
  • 3.6 Water resources as N sink
  • 3.7 Conclusion
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 4
  • Drivers of increased nitrogen use in Pakistan
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Population
  • 4.3 Food crop production
  • 4.4 Feed crop production
  • 4.5 Dietary patterns
  • 4.6 Urbanization
  • 4.7 Land use
  • 4.8 Energy sector
  • 4.9 Transport sector
  • 4.10 Industry
  • 4.11 Conclusions
  • References
  • 5
  • Trends in nitrogen use and development in Pakistan
  • 5.1 Chemical fertilizer offtake in Pakistan
  • 5.1.1 Fertilizer offtake by nutrients.
  • 5.1.2 Crop-wise nutrient use
  • 5.2 Demographic projections-2070
  • 5.2.1 Population projection in comparison to south Asia
  • 5.2.2 Food production considering population trends
  • 5.3 Trends in N fertilizer use considering food production trends
  • 5.3.1 Wheat
  • 5.3.2 Rice
  • 5.3.3 Maize
  • 5.3.4 Sugarcane
  • 5.3.5 Cotton
  • 5.3.6 Total N use
  • 5.4 Trends in N fertilizer use considering agricultural interventions
  • 5.4.1 Green revolution
  • 5.4.2 Development of Mangla and Tarbela water reserves
  • 5.4.3 Adoption to Bt cotton and other crop hybrids and overuse of N
  • 5.4.4 Subsidy on N fertilizers
  • 5.5 Future N fertilizer research trends in Pakistan
  • 5.5.1 Slow or Controlled Release Fertilizers
  • 5.5.2 Stabilized fertilizers (nitrification and urease inhibitors)
  • 5.5.3 Local market-enhanced efficiency N fertilizers
  • 5.5.4 Crop rotations and nitrogen management
  • 5.5.5 Nano fertilizers for enhanced N use efficiency
  • 5.5.6 Economics of enhanced efficiency N fertilizers
  • 5.6 Conclusion
  • References
  • Further reading
  • 6
  • Nitrogen emissions from agriculture sector in Pakistan: context, pathways, impacts and future projections
  • 6.1 The N issue and the Pakistan context
  • 6.1.1 The N issue
  • 6.1.2 Pakistan context
  • 6.2 Nitrogen transformations in soil and gaseous losses
  • 6.2.1 Nitrogen transformations
  • 6.2.2 N transformations and interaction with C cycle and soil food web
  • 6.2.3 N losses from agriculture
  • 6.2.3.1 Nitrogen emissions from cropping sector
  • 6.2.3.2 Nitrogen emissions from livestock sector
  • 6.3 Impacts of elevated N emissions (NH3, NOx)
  • 6.3.1 Impacts of Nr emissions on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity loss
  • 6.3.2 Crop productivity and susceptibility
  • 6.3.3 Impacts on human health
  • 6.3.3.1 PM2.5 exposure
  • 6.3.3.2 Tropospheric O3 exposure
  • 6.3.3.3 NOx exposure.
  • 6.3.3.4 UV radiation exposure
  • 6.4 Trends of N inputs and emissions
  • 6.5 Nitrogen emissions from agriculture in Pakistan
  • 6.5.1 N inputs
  • 6.5.2 N emissions
  • 6.6 Future projections
  • 6.6.1 Global projections
  • 6.6.2 Regional projections
  • 6.6.3 Pakistan projections
  • 6.7 Key information gaps
  • 6.7.1 Spatial distribution
  • 6.7.2 System-based analysis
  • 6.7.3 Rangelands management
  • 6.7.4 Nitrogen utilization
  • 6.7.5 Emission factors
  • 6.7.6 Data on impact
  • 6.7.7 Food waste and supply chain
  • 6.7.8 Policy instruments, financial costs, and benefits
  • 6.8 Summary and next steps required
  • 6.8.1 Next steps
  • References
  • 7
  • Nitrogen use efficiency in crop production: issues and challenges in South Asia
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Nitrogen use efficiency in relation to soil nitrogen
  • 7.3 Time trends of the total input, output, and surplus nitrogen in the soil and nitrogen use efficiency in South Asia
  • 7.4 Nitrogen output in the form of crop yield as a function of total N input
  • 7.5 Nitrogen use efficiency as a function of total and fertilizer N input
  • 7.6 Nitrogen use efficiency and surplus nitrogen in the soil
  • 7.7 Challenges and options for enhancing nitrogen use efficiency
  • 7.8 Conclusions
  • References
  • 8
  • Mitigation and actions toward nitrogen losses in Pakistan
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Nitrogen footprints: global versus regional realities of N losses mitigations
  • 8.3 Challenges and opportunities for mitigating N losses
  • 8.4 Options for NH3 mitigation
  • 8.4.1 Choice of N fertilizers
  • 8.4.2 Fertilizer placement approaches
  • 8.4.3 Urease inhibitors
  • 8.4.4 Livestock and poultry feeding
  • 8.4.5 Livestock housing
  • 8.4.5.1 Segregation of urine and feces
  • 8.4.5.2 Cleaning of floors in cattle houses
  • 8.4.5.3 Frequent slurry removal
  • 8.4.5.4 Bedding material
  • 8.4.6 Poultry housing.
  • 8.4.6.1 Rapid drying of poultry litter
  • 8.4.6.2 Use of air scrubbers
  • 8.4.7 Manure storage and treatment
  • 8.4.7.1 Covered storage of solid manure and slurry
  • 8.4.7.2 Storage of solid manure under dry conditions
  • 8.4.7.3 Adsorption of N from slurry
  • 8.4.7.4 Slurry acidification
  • 8.4.8 Introduction of agroforestry
  • 8.5 Options for NO3 leaching mitigation
  • 8.5.1 Nitrification inhibitors
  • 8.5.2 Introducing cover crops
  • 8.5.3 Crop rotation
  • 8.5.4 Application of biochar
  • 8.5.5 Optimal placement methods and rate of fertilizer application
  • 8.5.6 Use of slow and controlled release fertilizer
  • 8.6 Options for N2O mitigation
  • 8.6.1 Use of enhanced efficiency fertilizers
  • 8.6.2 Soil tillage
  • 8.6.3 Soil amendment with biochar
  • 8.7 On-farm technologies and practices to improve NUE
  • 8.7.1 Optimum N fertilizer management
  • 8.7.2 Animal and poultry manures application
  • 8.7.3 Green manuring
  • 8.7.4 Utilization of genetic tools for NUE
  • 8.7.5 Introduction of mix farming
  • 8.8 Conclusions: toward managing agricultural soils to mitigate N losses
  • References
  • 9
  • Pathways to sustainable nitrogen use and management in Pakistan
  • 9.1 Nitrogen challenges and responses
  • 9.2 Nitrogen use and management status in Pakistan
  • 9.3 Current policies related to nitrogen use in Pakistan
  • 9.3.1 Rethinking the national fertilizer policy (1989 and 2001)
  • 9.3.2 National Climate Change Policy 2012 and agricultural and food security policies
  • 9.4 Way forward for sustainable nitrogen management
  • 9.5 Pakistan's needs
  • 9.5.1 Policy interventions
  • 9.5.2 Research and development initiatives
  • 9.5.3 Outreach campaigns
  • 9.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • Further reading
  • Index
  • Back Cover.