http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Renewable and alternative energy resources
"Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources provides comprehensive information on the status of all renewable and non-renewable energy resources. Chapters discuss the technological developments and environmental impacts of each energy source, giving a valuable reference of up-to-date scientific progress, technical application and comparative ecological analysis of each source. In addition to understanding the process involved in generating energy, the book looks at possible merits and demerits relevant to environmental problems, highlighting the importance of the implementation of sustainable, approachable, cost effective and durable renewable energy resources."--
Front Cover -- Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the authors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Energy resources and utilization -- 1.1 Sources and types of energy resources -- 1.1.1 Nonrenewable energy resources -- 1.1.1.1 The hidden cost of fossil fuels -- 1.1.2 Renewable energy resources -- 1.1.2.1 History of renewable energy -- 1.1.2.2 Need of renewable energy resources -- 1.1.2.2.1 Climate change -- 1.1.2.2.2 Peak fossil oil -- 1.1.2.2.3 Greenhouse gases -- 1.1.2.2.4 Energy security -- 1.1.3 Energy policies -- 1.1.3.1 Biofuel directive -- 1.1.3.2 Kyoto protocol -- 1.1.4 Biofuels -- 1.1.5 Countries with major dependency on nonrenewable energy -- 1.1.6 Emerging technologies -- 1.1.7 Future perspective -- References -- 2 Nonrenewable energy resources -- 2.1 Nonrenewable energy resources -- 2.1.1 Coal -- 2.1.1.1 Global trends in production and trade of coal -- 2.1.1.2 Conversion of coal into electrical energy -- 2.1.1.3 Coal in production of steel -- 2.1.1.4 Liquefaction of coal -- 2.1.1.5 Use of coal in cement industry -- 2.1.1.6 Effects of coal mining on environment -- 2.1.1.7 Land disturbances caused by coal mines -- 2.1.1.8 Mine subsidence -- 2.1.1.9 Water pollution from coal mines -- 2.1.1.10 Air pollution -- 2.1.1.11 Noise pollution -- 2.1.1.12 Restoring the environment to its natural state -- 2.1.1.12.1 Rehabilitation -- 2.1.1.12.2 Overburden material classification -- 2.1.1.12.3 Land recontouring -- 2.1.1.12.4 Regeneration -- 2.1.1.13 Coal mine methane -- 2.1.1.13.1 Cleaner coal production -- 2.1.1.13.2 Coal washing -- 2.1.1.13.3 Particulate matter -- 2.1.1.13.4 Solutions to acid rain -- 2.1.1.13.5 Restoration of damaged environment -- 2.1.1.13.6 Alternative energy resources -- 2.1.1.13.7 Individual, national/state and international actions.
2.1.1.13.8 Reduction of carbon dioxide in air -- 2.1.1.13.9 Reduction in vehicular emissions -- 2.1.1.13.10 Reduced energy consumption -- 2.1.1.13.11 Reduced waste consumption -- 2.1.1.13.12 Restoration of natural sinks -- 2.1.1.13.13 Miscellaneous options -- 2.1.1.14 Future of coal-based energy -- 2.1.2 Petroleum -- 2.1.2.1 History of petroleum -- 2.1.2.2 Chemistry of petroleum -- 2.1.2.3 Sources of petroleum -- 2.1.2.4 Formation of petroleum -- 2.1.2.5 Recovery of oil and gas -- 2.1.2.5.1 Primary recovery: natural drive and artificial lift -- 2.1.2.5.2 Secondary recovery: injection of gas or water -- 2.1.2.5.3 Enhanced recovery -- 2.1.2.6 Classification of crude oil -- 2.1.2.7 Geology of petroleum -- 2.1.2.8 Natural petroleum reservoirs -- 2.1.2.9 Extraction of petroleum -- 2.1.2.10 Petroleum and environment: bitumen and boreal forest -- 2.1.2.11 Refining of petroleum -- 2.1.2.12 Current petroleum industries -- 2.1.2.13 Use of petroleum -- 2.1.2.14 Future of petroleum -- 2.1.3 Natural gas -- 2.1.3.1 Chemical composition of natural gas -- 2.1.3.2 Typical combustion properties of natural gas -- 2.1.3.3 Composition and properties -- 2.1.3.4 Brief history of natural gas -- 2.1.3.5 Formation of natural gas -- 2.1.3.6 Methane as a natural gas -- 2.1.3.7 Types of natural gas -- 2.1.3.8 Use of natural gas -- 2.1.3.9 Production of electrical energy -- 2.1.3.10 Transportation fuel -- 2.1.3.11 Heating and cogeneration -- 2.1.3.11.1 Common combined heat and power configurations -- 2.1.3.12 Liquefied natural gas -- 2.1.3.13 Fueling of a growing market with liquefied natural gas -- 2.1.3.14 Greenhouse gas emissions -- 2.1.3.15 Impact on renewable energy -- 2.1.3.16 Propane -- 2.1.3.17 Benefits of liquefied petroleum gas -- 2.1.3.18 Future perspective -- 2.1.4 Nuclear power -- 2.1.4.1 Nuclear fission -- 2.1.4.1.1 Controlled nuclear fission.
2.1.4.2 Nuclear fusion -- 2.1.4.2.1 Fusion technology -- 2.1.4.3 Nuclear reactors -- 2.1.4.4 Nuclear waste -- 2.1.4.5 The rise of nuclear power -- 2.1.4.6 The fall of nuclear power -- 2.1.4.7 Radioactive waste management -- 2.1.4.8 Types of radioactive wastes -- 2.1.4.8.1 Low-level waste -- 2.1.4.8.2 Intermediate-level waste -- 2.1.4.8.3 High-level waste -- 2.1.4.8.4 Very low-level waste -- 2.1.4.9 Mining of uranium for fabrication of fuel -- 2.1.4.10 Generation of electrical energy -- 2.1.4.11 Reprocessing of used fuel -- 2.1.4.12 Decommissioning of nuclear plants -- 2.1.4.12.1 Legacy wastes -- 2.1.4.12.2 Nonnuclear power wastes -- 2.1.4.12.3 Treatment and conditioning -- 2.1.4.12.4 Storage and disposal -- 2.1.4.13 Nuclear-based power projects -- References -- 3 Future energy options: an overview -- 3.1 Shale gas -- 3.1.1 Origin of shale gas -- 3.1.2 Distinctive properties of shale gas -- 3.1.3 History of shale gas -- 3.1.4 Natural reserves of shale gas -- 3.1.5 Production and extraction of shale gas -- 3.1.5.1 Hydraulic fracturing -- 3.1.6 Shale gas in worldwide basins -- 3.1.7 Estimates of conservative shale gas basins -- 3.1.8 Highly dependent countries -- 3.1.9 Proper natural gas infrastructure -- 3.1.10 Importance of shale gas -- 3.1.11 Global shale gas reserves -- 3.1.12 Environmental impacts of shale gas -- 3.1.12.1 Contamination of natural water resources -- 3.1.12.2 Induced seismic vibrations -- 3.1.12.3 Release of greenhouse gases -- 3.1.12.4 Excessive utilization of water -- 3.1.12.5 Huge economic burden -- 3.1.13 Future of shale gas -- 3.2 Offshore wind energy and offshore wind farm -- 3.2.1 Offshore wind energy -- 3.2.2 Working of wind turbines -- 3.2.3 Types of offshore wind turbines -- 3.2.3.1 Fixed foundation offshore wind turbines -- 3.2.3.2 Floating offshore wind turbines -- 3.2.3.3 Vertical axis offshore wind turbines.
3.2.4 Offshore wind farm -- 3.2.4.1 Localization of offshore wind farms -- 3.2.4.2 Components of offshore wind farm -- 3.2.4.3 Characteristics of offshore wind power -- 3.2.5 Major components of wind turbines -- 3.2.5.1 Nacelle -- 3.2.5.2 Rotor blades -- 3.2.5.3 Tower -- 3.2.6 Offshore wind energy resources -- 3.2.7 Commercial offshore wind energy generation -- 3.2.8 Transportation of wind generated energy -- 3.2.9 Economics of building and operating offshore wind farms -- 3.2.9.1 Investment costs -- 3.2.9.2 Energy cost -- 3.2.9.3 Offshore wind power by different countries -- 3.2.9.4 Harmful environmental consequences -- 3.2.9.4.1 Visual impacts -- 3.2.9.4.2 Noise impacts -- 3.2.9.4.3 Construction and decommissioning noises -- 3.2.9.4.4 Operational noises -- 3.2.10 Future energy projects -- 3.3 Carbon capture technology -- 3.3.1 Introduction of carbon capture technology -- 3.3.2 Working principle and capturing methods -- 3.3.3 Postcombustion processes -- 3.3.4 Precombustion processes -- 3.3.5 Oxyfuel combustion -- 3.3.6 Carbon dioxide separation technologies -- 3.3.6.1 Absorption -- 3.3.6.2 Adsorption -- 3.3.7 Chemical looping combustion -- 3.3.8 Membrane separation process -- 3.3.9 Hydrate based separation -- 3.3.10 Cryogenic distillation -- 3.3.11 Transportation of carbon dioxide -- 3.3.12 Storage of carbon dioxide -- 3.3.13 Impacts on environment -- 3.3.14 Global scenario -- References -- 4 Solar thermal energy and photovoltaic systems -- 4.1 Solar thermal energy -- 4.1.1 Concentrated solar thermal systems -- 4.1.1.1 Types of concentrated solar thermal technology -- 4.1.1.1.1 Solar thermal storage -- 4.1.1.1.2 Solar water heating -- 4.1.1.1.3 Solar distillation -- Method 1 -- Method 2 -- 4.1.1.1.4 Other purification processes -- 4.1.1.2 Heating of swimming pool by solar energy -- 4.1.1.2.1 Working principle.
4.1.1.2.2 Example of working of solar collector -- 4.1.1.3 Stand-alone solar rankine system -- 4.1.1.3.1 Storage tank -- 4.1.1.4 Hybrid system -- 4.1.2 Integrated solar combined cycle system -- 4.1.3 Combined cycle system -- 4.1.4 Combined power plant -- 4.1.5 Solar thermal power systems using concentrated solar energy -- 4.1.6 Solar ponds -- 4.1.6.1 Working of solar water pumping system -- 4.1.6.2 Sun drying -- 4.1.6.3 Integrated solar dryers -- 4.1.6.4 Distributed solar dryers -- 4.1.6.5 Solar cookers -- 4.1.7 Energy efficiency in buildings -- 4.1.7.1 Low, passive, zero and plus energy buildings -- 4.1.7.1.1 Type 0-Standard building -- 4.1.7.1.2 Type I-Low energy building -- 4.1.7.1.3 Type II-Passive energy building -- 4.1.7.1.4 Type III-Zero energy building -- 4.1.7.1.5 Type IV-Plus energy building -- 4.1.7.2 Working of energy efficient buildings -- 4.1.7.3 Refining the design -- 4.1.7.3.1 Direct gain -- 4.1.7.3.2 Indirect gain -- 4.1.7.3.3 Thermal storage wall systems -- 4.1.7.3.4 Roof pond systems -- 4.1.8 Indirect gain system rules of thumb for thermal storage walls -- 4.1.8.1 The principle of evaporative cooling -- 4.1.8.1.1 Dry bulb temperature -- 4.1.8.1.2 Wet bulb temperature -- 4.1.8.1.3 Working of evaporative air conditioner -- 4.1.8.1.4 Evaporative cooling -- 4.1.8.1.5 Importance of evaporative cooling -- 4.1.8.2 Absorption cooling system -- 4.1.8.2.1 Working of absorption cooling system -- 4.1.8.2.2 Absorption cooling in commercial buildings -- 4.1.8.3 Desiccant cooling systems -- 4.1.8.3.1 Solid desiccant cooling -- 4.1.8.3.2 Liquid desiccant cooling -- 4.1.9 Greenhouse gases-a severe atmospheric constrain -- 4.1.10 Solar furnace -- 4.1.10.1 Historical background of solar furnace -- 4.1.10.2 Working of solar furnace -- 4.1.10.3 Use of solar furnace for different applications -- 4.1.10.4 Temperature range of solar furnaces.
Muhammad Asif Hanif, Farwa Nadeem, Rida Tariq, Umer Rashid.
Includes bibliographical references and index.