http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Contamination control in the natural gas industry
Contamination Control in the Natural Gas Industry delivers the separation fundamentals and technology applications utilized by natural gas producers and processors.This reference covers principles and practices for better design and operation of a wide range of media, filters and systems to remove contaminants from liquids and gases, enabling gas.
Front Cover -- Contamination Control in the Natural Gas Industry -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- 1 Fundamentals of filtration science -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Overview -- 1.2.1 Major types of separation equipment used to treat gas streams -- 1.2.2 Major types of separation equipment used to treat liquid streams -- 1.3 Darcy's law -- 1.4 Capture mechanisms -- 1.4.1 Direct interception (sieving) -- 1.4.2 Inertial impaction -- 1.4.3 Diffusive capture -- 1.5 Filter life -- 1.5.1 Filter type -- 1.5.2 Void volume -- 1.5.3 Flux -- 1.6 Differences between solid-liquid and solid-gas separation -- References -- 2 Fundamentals of separation science -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Liquid/gas systems -- 2.2.1 Surface tension -- 2.2.1.1 Effects of pressure and temperature on surface tension -- 2.2.1.2 Effects of contaminants on surface tension -- 2.2.1.3 Surface tension and separations -- 2.2.2 Two-phase flow in pipes -- 2.2.3 Aerosol formation mechanisms -- 2.2.4 Predicting droplet size and settling velocity -- 2.3 Liquid/liquid systems -- 2.3.1 Interfacial tension -- 2.3.2 Emulsion formation mechanisms -- 2.3.2.1 Steric repulsion -- 2.3.2.2 Electrostatic charge repulsion -- 2.3.2.3 Film stabilization -- 2.3.3 Predicting droplet size and settling velocity -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Industrial contaminants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Origins and types -- 3.2.1 Feed contaminants -- 3.2.2 Generated contaminants -- 3.2.3 Contaminants added intentionally -- 3.3 Characterizing contaminants -- 3.3.1 Sampling and collection methods -- 3.3.1.1 Field testing -- 3.3.1.1.1 Solids from gas -- 3.3.1.1.2 Solids from liquids -- 3.3.1.1.3 Liquids from gas -- 3.3.1.1.4 Liquids from liquids -- 3.3.1.1.5 Special considerations for volatile liquids -- 3.3.2 Lab analysis methods -- References.
Further reading -- 4 Industrial filtration technologies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Gravity separators -- 4.3 Basket strainers -- 4.4 Filter press -- 4.5 Cyclonic separators and cyclo-filters -- 4.5.1 Cyclone separator -- 4.5.2 Cyclo-filter -- 4.6 Disposable cartridge filters -- 4.6.1 String wound filters -- 4.6.2 Melt blown depth -- 4.6.3 Other depth filters -- 4.6.4 Pleated filters -- 4.6.5 Combination depth-pleated filters -- 4.6.6 Liquid bag filters -- 4.7 Regenerable filters -- 4.7.1 Media beds -- 4.7.2 Blowback -- 4.7.3 Backwash -- 4.7.4 Micro-filtration and ultra-filtration -- 4.7.5 Reverse osmosis and nano-filtration -- 4.8 Other filtration technologies -- 4.9 Filtration summary -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Industrial separation technologies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Liquid/liquid separation -- 5.2.1 Decanters -- 5.2.1.1 Additional guidelines include -- 5.2.2 Plate separators -- 5.2.3 Mesh pads -- 5.2.4 Cyclonic separators -- 5.2.5 Electrostatic coalescers -- 5.2.6 Flotation methods -- 5.2.7 Media beds -- 5.2.8 Liquid-liquid fiber bed coalescer cartridges -- 5.2.8.1 Capture -- 5.2.8.2 Coalescing -- 5.2.8.3 Release -- 5.2.8.4 Separation -- 5.2.8.5 Issues at low interfacial tension -- 5.2.9 Crossflow membranes -- 5.2.10 Combinations -- 5.2.11 Comparison of liquid-liquid separation technologies -- 5.3 Liquid-gas separations -- 5.3.1 Gas/liquid two-phase separator -- 5.3.1.1 Vessel designs -- 5.3.1.2 Finger-type slug catcher -- 5.3.2 Mesh pad -- 5.3.3 Vane pack -- 5.3.4 Cyclonic separators -- 5.3.5 Liquid-gas coalescer cartridges -- 5.3.5.1 Horizontal filter separator -- 5.3.5.2 High efficiency vertical liquid/gas coalescers -- 5.3.5.2.1 Chemical surface treatment -- 5.3.5.2.2 Modeling the liquid/gas coalescer -- 5.3.6 Supersonic liquid-gas separation -- 5.3.7 Comparison of liquid-gas separation technologies.
5.4 Three-phase separations -- 5.4.1 Design improvements -- 5.4.2 Computational fluid dynamics analysis -- References -- 6 Role of chemical additives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Surfactants -- 6.2.1 Bancroft's rule -- 6.2.2 Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ratio -- 6.2.3 Winsor R ratio -- 6.2.4 Cosurfactants -- 6.2.5 Amphiphilic polymers -- 6.3 Typical chemical additives -- 6.4 Process applications -- 6.4.1 Upstream production -- 6.4.2 Processing -- 6.4.3 Transmission -- 6.5 Effect on filtration/separation -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Effect of contamination on processes in the natural gas industry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Natural gas supply chain -- 7.3 Gas production at well head -- 7.3.1 Retrograde condensation -- 7.3.2 Gas compression -- 7.3.3 Special considerations for separation equipment -- 7.3.4 North Sea case study -- 7.3.5 Produced water treatment -- 7.3.6 Origin Energy case study -- 7.4 Gas processing plant -- 7.4.1 Hydrocarbon condensate stabilization -- 7.4.1.1 Crew energy case study -- 7.4.1.2 Australian offshore platform case study -- 7.4.2 Acid gas treating -- 7.4.2.1 Chemical solvents -- 7.4.2.2 Physical solvents -- 7.4.2.3 Mixed physical-chemical -- 7.4.2.4 Oxidative solvents -- 7.4.3 Amine system operations -- 7.4.3.1 Solid beds -- 7.4.3.2 Membranes -- 7.4.4 Gas dehydration -- 7.4.4.1 Glycol absorption -- 7.4.4.2 Contaminant issues -- 7.4.4.3 Recommended practices -- 7.4.4.4 Solid bed adsorption -- 7.4.5 Contamination issues -- 7.4.5.1 Recommended practices -- 7.4.5.2 Gas chilling (condensation) -- 7.4.6 Mercury removal units -- 7.4.7 Natural gas liquids recovery, fractionation and treatment -- 7.4.7.1 Natural gas liquid recovery processes -- 7.4.7.2 Natural gas liquid fractionation -- 7.4.7.3 Natural gas liquid treatment -- 7.4.7.3.1 Caustic treating of mixed butanes case study -- 7.4.7.3.2 LPG amine treating case study.
7.4.8 Water removal -- 7.5 Pipeline -- 7.5.1 Metering/booster stations -- 7.5.2 Pigging -- 7.5.2.1 Case study: DEPA, Greece -- 7.5.2.2 Case study: Middle East -- 7.6 Underground storage -- 7.7 Liquefied natural gas production -- 7.7.1 Amine solution clean-up, LNG Production Plant, Middle East case study -- 7.7.2 Cold box protection, NGL recovery plant, Africa case study -- References -- Further reading -- 8 Diagnostics and troubleshooting methods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Strategic approach -- 8.2.1 Simulation tools -- 8.3 Field methods -- 8.4 Lab methods -- 8.5 Applications/case studies -- 8.5.1 Using process simulation to troubleshoot 2-stage compressor -- 8.5.2 Wellhead Gas Production, Central Australia -- 8.5.3 Amine Unit, South West, USA: short service life of filters -- 8.5.4 Sour Gas Plant, Middle East -- 8.5.5 GASCO (Abu Dhabi Gas Industries Limited), Habshan Bab Plant, UAE -- 8.5.6 Natural gas grid-petrochemical end user compressor issues, Middle East -- 8.5.7 LNG Plant, North America -- References -- 9 Filtration and separation rating -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Solid/liquid filter rating standards -- 9.3 Liquid/liquid separation rating standards -- 9.4 Solid/gas separation rating standards -- 9.5 Liquid/gas separation rating standards -- 9.6 Filter and coalescer characterization methods -- References -- Appendix 1 Conversion factors -- Appendix 2 Cartridge diameter factors -- Reference -- Appendix 3 Carbon steel pressure vessel and nozzle diameters -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.
Cambridge, MA : Gulf Professional Publishing, [2022]