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Multiscale biomechanical modeling of the brain
Multiscale Biomechanical Modeling of the Brain discusses the constitutive modeling of the brain at various length scales (nanoscale, microscale, mesoscale, macroscale and structural scale).
Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The multiscale nature of the brain and traumatic brain injury -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The brain's multiscale structure -- 1.2.1 Gross anatomy -- 1.2.1.1 Cerebrum -- 1.2.1.2 Cerebellum -- 1.2.1.3 Diencephalon -- 1.2.1.4 Brainstem -- 1.2.2 Microanatomy -- 1.2.2.1 Neuroglia -- 1.2.2.2 Neurons -- 1.3 The multiscale nature of TBI -- 1.3.1 Multiscale injury mechanisms -- 1.3.2 Types of injury -- 1.3.3 Examples of injuries -- 1.3.4 Neurobehavioral sequelae -- 1.3.5 TBI research methods -- 1.3.5.1 Experiments -- 1.3.5.2 Computational models (simulations) -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Introduction to multiscale modeling of the human brain -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Constitutive modeling of the brain -- 2.3 Brain tissue experiments used for constitutive modeling calibration -- 2.4 Modeling summary of upcoming chapters in the book -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Density functional theory and bridging to classical interatomic force fields -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Why quantum mechanics? -- 3.1.2 Physical chemistry of biomechanical systems -- 3.2 Density functional theory -- 3.3 Downscaling requirements of classical force field atomistic models -- 3.3.1 Upscaling properties -- 3.4 Sample atomistic force fields formalism and development of an interatomic potential for hydrocarbons -- 3.4.1 MEAMBO -- 3.4.2 Calibration of the MEAMBO potential -- 3.4.3 Parameterization of the interatomic potential -- 3.4.4 Validation of the interatomic force fields -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Modeling nanoscale cellular structures using molecular dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Molecular dynamics simulation method -- 4.2.2 Atomic force fields.
4.2.3 Simulation ensembles of atoms -- 4.2.4 Boundary conditions -- 4.2.5 Current simulation details -- 4.2.6 Molecular dynamics analysis methods for the phospholipid bilayer (neuron membrane) -- 4.2.6.1 Stress-strain behavior of the neuron membrane -- 4.2.6.2 Image analysis for stereological quantification of neuron membrane damage -- 4.3 Results and discussion for the phospholipid bilayer (neuron membrane) -- 4.3.1 Stress-strain and damage response -- 4.3.2 Membrane failure limit diagram -- 4.4 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Microscale mechanical modeling of brain neuron(s) and axon(s) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Modeling microscale neurons -- 5.2.1 Modeling neurons -- 5.2.2 Modeling mechanical behavior of axons -- 5.3 Summary and future -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Mesoscale finite element modeling of brain structural heterogeneities and geometrical complexities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Modeling length scale -- 6.2 Methods -- 6.2.1 Computational methods for properties -- 6.2.2 Model validation and boundary conditions -- 6.3 Results and discussion -- 6.3.1 Geometrical complexities -- 6.3.1.1 The effects of the sulci -- 6.3.1.2 Sulcus orientation -- 6.3.1.3 Sulcus length -- 6.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Modeling mesoscale anatomical structures in macroscale brain finite element models -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Macroscale brain finite element model -- 7.3 Mesoscale anatomical structures and imaging techniques -- 7.4 The importance of structural anisotropy in macroscale models of TBI -- 7.5 Material-based method -- 7.6 Structure-based method -- 7.7 Summary and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8 -- A macroscale mechano-physiological internal state variable (MPISV) model for neuronal membrane damage with ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Definitions.
8.2 Membrane disruption -- 8.3 Development of damage evolution equation -- 8.3.1 Pore number density rate -- 8.3.2 Pore growth rate -- 8.3.3 Pore resealing -- 8.4 Garnering data from molecular dynamics simulations -- 8.5 Calibration of the mechano-physiological internal state variable damage rate equations -- 8.6 Sensitivity analysis of damage model at this length scale -- 8.7 Comparison of model with cell culture studies -- 8.8 Discussion -- 8.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 -- MRE-based modeling of head trauma -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Model formulation -- 9.2.1 MRE acquisition and inversion -- 9.2.2 Finite element mesh generation -- 9.2.3 Material properties -- 9.2.4 Experimental verification -- 9.3 Results and discussion -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Robust concept exploration of driver's side vehicular impacts for human-centric crashworthiness -- 10.1 Frame of reference -- 10.2 Problem definition -- 10.3 Adapted CEF for robust concept exploration -- 10.4 Head and neck injury criteria-based robust design of vehicular impacts -- 10.4.1 Clarification of design task-Step A -- 10.4.2 Design of experiments-Step B -- 10.4.3 Finite element car crash simulations for predicting injury response-Step C -- 10.4.3.1 Finite element model -- 10.4.3.2 Head injury metric analysis -- 10.4.3.3 Neck injury metric analysis -- 10.4.4 Building surrogate models-Step D -- 10.4.5 Formulation of robust design cDSP-Step E -- 10.4.6 Formulating the design scenarios, exercising the cDSP and exploration of solution space-Step E -- 10.5 Future: correlate human brain injury to vehicular damage -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 -- Development of a coupled physical-computational methodology for the investigation of infant head injury -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods -- 11.2.1 Pediatric head development.
11.2.2 Material properties -- 11.2.3 Mesh convergence -- 11.2.4 Boundary and loading conditions -- 11.2.5 Global validation of the FE-head against PMHS -- 11.2.6 Global, regional, and local validation of the FE-head against the physical model -- 11.2.7 Statistical analysis -- 11.3 Results and discussion -- 11.3.1 Global validation of the FE-head versus the postmortem human surrogate -- 11.3.2 Global validation of the FE-head versus the physical model -- 11.3.3 FE-head regional and local validation versus the physical model -- 11.3.4 Head deformation -- 11.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 -- Experimental data for validating the structural response of computational brain models -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods -- 12.2.1 Experimental brain pressure measurements -- 12.2.2 Experimental brain deformation measurements -- 12.2.2.1 High-speed X-ray -- 12.2.2.2 Dynamic ultrasound -- 12.2.2.3 Sonomicrometry -- 12.2.2.4 Tagged magnetic resonance imaging -- 12.2.2.5 Magnetic resonance elastography -- 12.3 Challenges and limitations -- 12.4 Summary and future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 13 -- A review of fluid flow in and around the brain, modeling, and abnormalities -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Flow anatomy -- 13.2.1 Ventricular system -- 13.2.2 Ventricles and subarachnoid space -- 13.3 Characteristic numbers -- 13.3.1 Reynolds number -- 13.3.2 Womersley number -- 13.3.3 Péclet number -- 13.4 Common brain flow abnormalities -- 13.4.1 Misfolded proteins -- 13.4.2 Injury -- 13.4.3 Reduced arterial pulsatility -- 13.4.4 Hydrocephalus -- 13.4.5 Chiari malformation -- 13.4.6 Syringomyelia and syringobulbia -- 13.5 Boundary conditions for models -- 13.5.1 General comments -- 13.5.2 Cardiac flow -- 13.5.3 Respiratory flow -- 13.5.4 Circulatory flow -- 13.5.4.1 Production-classical model.
13.5.4.2 Absorption-classical model -- 13.5.4.3 New model -- 13.5.4.4 Diffusive versus advective transport -- 13.5.5 Intracranial pressure -- 13.6 Brain measurement and imaging -- 13.6.1 Magnetic resonance imaging -- 13.6.2 Spin/field/gradient echo MRI -- 13.6.3 Phase contrast MRI -- 13.6.4 MRI limitations -- 13.6.5 Pressure monitoring -- 13.6.6 MRI segmentation -- 13.7 Flow modeling -- 13.7.1 CFD simplifications: rigid walls -- 13.7.2 CFD simplifications: microstructures -- 13.7.2.1 CFD simplifications: arachnoid granulations -- 13.7.2.2 CFD simplifications: arachnoid trabeculae -- 13.7.2.3 CFD simplifications: other structures -- 13.8 Literature gap -- References -- Chapter 14 -- Resonant frequencies of a human brain, skull, and head -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Problem set-up for the finite element simulations -- 14.3 Results -- 14.3.1 Whole head: fundamental frequency and mode shapes -- 14.3.2 Brain: fundamental frequency and mode shapes -- 14.4 Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15 -- State-of-the-art of multiscale modeling of mechanical impacts to the human brain -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Work to be completed -- 15.2.1 Multiphysics aspects of the brain -- 15.2.2 Multiscale structure-property relationships of the brain -- 15.2.3 Different biological effects on the brain -- 15.2.4 The liquid-solid aspects of the brain -- 15.2.5 Different human ages -- 15.3 Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Back cover.
edited by Raj Prabhu and Mark Horstemeyer.