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Salinity gradient heat engines /

Salinity Gradient Heat Engines classifies all the existing SGHEs and presents an in-depth analysis of their fundamentals, applications and perspectives.The main SGHEs analyzed in this publication are Osmotic, the Reverse Electrodialysis, and the Accumulator Mixing Heat Engines.

Bibliographic Details
Corporate Author: ScienceDirect (Online service)
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Duxford : Woodhead Publishing, [2022]
Series:Woodhead Publishing in energy.
Subjects:
Heat-engines.
Saline water conversion.
Moteurs thermiques.
Eau salée > Dessalement.
Heat-engines
Saline water conversion
Electronic books.
Online Access:Connect to the full text of this electronic book
Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Salinity Gradient Heat Engines
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Contributors
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1: Salinity gradient heat engines: An innovative concept for waste heat valorization
  • 1.1. Background and motivation
  • 1.2. What is salinity gradient energy?
  • 1.3. Salinity gradient heat engines: Introduction, fundamentals, and classification
  • 1.3.1. Introduction
  • 1.3.2. Fundamentals and key performance parameters
  • 1.3.3. Classification
  • 1.3.3.1. Power units
  • Osmotic heat engine (OHE)
  • Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE)
  • Other SGP engines or special engines
  • 1.3.3.2. Regeneration strategies
  • Solvent extraction strategy (full details are provided in Chapter 5)
  • Salt extraction strategy (full details are provided in Chapter 6)
  • 1.4. Chapters outline
  • References
  • Chapter 2: The state of art of conventional and nonconventional heat engines
  • 2.1. General information
  • 2.2. Power plants
  • 2.2.1. Steam prime mover plants
  • 2.2.1.1. Methods for increasing efficiency
  • Increase of the inlet turbine temperature
  • Reduction of condensation pressure
  • Increase of the maximum pressure of the cycle
  • Resuperheating
  • Regeneration
  • 2.2.2. Gas power plants
  • 2.2.2.1. Open cycle
  • 2.2.2.2. Closed cycle
  • 2.2.2.3. Regeneration
  • 2.2.2.4. Interrefrigeration and postcombustion
  • 2.2.3. Combined cycle
  • 2.2.3.1. Introduction
  • 2.2.3.2. Layout
  • 2.2.4. Organic Rankine cycle
  • 2.2.5. Kalina cycle
  • 2.2.6. Stirling cycle
  • 2.2.7. Direct conversion of heat into electricity by means of thermoelectric generators
  • 2.2.8. Direct conversion of heat into electricity by means of magnetohydrodynamic power generators
  • 2.2.9. Heat recovery and novel technologies to produce power
  • 2.2.10. Low- and high-temperature fuel cells
  • 2.3. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Osmotic heat engine (OHE).
  • 3.1. Fundamentals of pressure-retarded osmosis and osmotic heat engine
  • 3.1.1. Introduction
  • 3.1.2. Analysis of single-stage PRO ignoring concentration polarization
  • 3.1.3. Analysis of single-stage PRO accounting for concentration polarization
  • 3.1.4. Analysis of multistage PRO design
  • 3.2. Salt selection
  • 3.3. Process couplings in OHE
  • 3.3.1. Solvent extraction method
  • 3.3.1.1. PRO-MD
  • 3.3.1.2. PRO-RO
  • 3.3.1.3. PRO-LIS
  • 3.3.2. Salt extraction method
  • 3.3.2.1. PRO-thermolytic
  • 3.3.2.2. PRO precipitation
  • 3.4. Perspectives
  • References
  • Chapter 4: Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE)
  • 4.1. Fundamentals of reverse electrodialysis
  • 4.1.1. Description of the RED process
  • 4.1.2. Ion-exchange membranes for RED
  • 4.1.2.1. Electrical resistance
  • 4.1.2.2. Membrane permselectivity
  • 4.1.2.3. Swelling degree
  • 4.1.2.4. Ion-exchange capacity and fixed charge density
  • 4.1.3. Fluxes of water and ions through the IEMs
  • 4.1.4. Main outputs of the RED process
  • 4.2. Fundamentals of RED heat engines
  • 4.2.1. Solvent extraction schemes
  • 4.2.2. Salt extraction schemes
  • 4.2.3. Main outputs of the RED heat engines
  • 4.3. Salt selection
  • 4.3.1. Salt-solutions for solvent extraction schemes
  • 4.3.1.1. Thermodynamic properties of salt solutions
  • 4.3.1.2. Theoretical RED results with different salts
  • 4.3.1.3. State of the art: RED with alternative salts
  • 4.3.2. Salt-solutions for salt extraction schemes
  • 4.3.2.1. State of the art: RED with thermolytic salts
  • 4.4. RED heat engines
  • 4.4.1. State of the art: Solvent extraction schemes
  • 4.4.2. State of the art: Salt extraction schemes
  • 4.4.3. First prototype of a RED-HE
  • 4.4.4. General comparison
  • References
  • Chapter 5: Solvent extraction regeneration technologies
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. Multieffect distillation for regeneration in an SGP-HE.
  • 5.2.1. Description and fundamentals
  • 5.2.2. Assessment of the potential of MED for regeneration in an SGP-HE
  • 5.2.2.1. Model of a MED unit for salt solutions regeneration in an SGP-HE
  • 5.2.3. Case study
  • 5.3. Membrane distillation for regeneration in an SGP-HE
  • 5.3.1. Description of the process
  • 5.3.2. Assessment of the potential of MD for regeneration in an SGP-HE
  • 5.3.3. Case study
  • 5.4. Forward osmosis for regeneration in an SGP-HE
  • 5.4.1. Description and fundamentals
  • 5.4.2. Assessment of FO potential for regeneration in an SGP-HE
  • 5.5. Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Chapter 6: Salt extraction regeneration technologies
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Switchable solubility salts
  • 6.2.1. Thermal-sensible solubility
  • 6.2.2. Phase separation processes
  • 6.3. Thermolytic salts
  • 6.3.1. Regeneration unit for thermolytic salt solution
  • 6.3.1.1. Distillation
  • 6.3.1.2. Air stripping process
  • 6.3.1.3. Membrane distillation
  • 6.3.2. First prototypes
  • 6.3.3. Modeling and simulation
  • 6.3.4. Regeneration unit performance
  • 6.4. Final remarks
  • References
  • Chapter 7: Coupling salinity gradient heat engines with power generation systems and industrial processes
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. Identification of potential applications of salinity gradients power-heat engines in power plants and industries
  • 7.3. Description and modeling of the case studies proposed
  • 7.3.1. Case study no. 1: Integration of SGP-HEs in thermoelectric power plant
  • 7.3.2. Case study no. 2: Coupling a RED-HE with medium-temperature waste heat to power technologies
  • 7.3.3. Case study no. 3: Salinity gradient powers-heat engine in combined heat and power plants
  • 7.3.4. Case study no. 4: SGP-HEs for heat upgrade in industrial processes.
  • 7.3.5. Case study no. 5: SGP-HEs for waste-heat exploitation in industrial processes with large water demand
  • 7.4. Notes on energy, economic, and environmental indicators used
  • 7.4.1. Notes on the legislative framework for combined heat and power plants in European Union
  • 7.5. Results
  • 7.5.1. Case study no. 1: Reverse electrodialysis-heat engine in thermoelectric power plant
  • 7.5.2. Results for case study no. 2: Coupling reverse electrodialysis-heat engine with an organic Rankine cycle plant
  • 7.5.3. Results for case study no. 3: Integration of a reverse electrodialysis-heat engine in CHP plants
  • 7.5.4. Results for case study no. 4: Coupling a reverse electrodialysis-heat engine with a heat pump for heat upgrade
  • 7.5.5. Results for case study no. 5 RED-HEs in industrial processes with large water demand
  • 7.6. Perspective analysis with high-efficient reverse electrodialysis-heat engine
  • 7.7. Conclusions
  • References
  • Chapter 8: Special engines
  • Nomenclature
  • Greek symbols
  • Subscripts
  • Acronyms
  • Part 1: Accumulator mixing heat engine
  • 8.1. Accumulator mixing heat engine
  • 8.1.1. Introduction and thermodynamic considerations
  • 8.1.2. Accumulator mixing technology fundamentals
  • 8.1.3. The zinc-silver AccMix cell
  • 8.1.3.1. Description
  • 8.1.3.2. Experimental realization
  • 8.1.3.3. Cell voltage and voltage rise
  • 8.1.4. Power generation step: Efficiency of the AccMix cycles
  • 8.1.5. Regeneration step: Efficiency of the distillation stage
  • 8.1.6. Discussion of the overall efficiency of distillation and SGP heat engine
  • 8.1.7. Potentials and limitations
  • References
  • Part 2: Thermally regenerative ammonia battery (TRAB): Fundamentals and perspectives
  • 8.2. Thermally regenerative ammonia battery (TRAB): Fundamentals and perspectives
  • 8.2.1. Introduction and description of TRAB concept.
  • 8.2.1.1. Performances evaluation
  • 8.2.2. Power production as a function of different operating parameters
  • 8.2.2.1. Effect of the concentration of ammonia
  • 8.2.2.2. Effect of the concentration of Cu(II) and supporting electrolyte
  • 8.2.2.3. Effect of the mixing rate and cell design
  • 8.2.2.4. Effect of temperature
  • 8.2.2.5. Effect of nature of the membrane
  • 8.2.2.6. Effect of electrode shapes
  • 8.2.3. Cathodic and Anodic Coulombic efficiencies
  • 8.2.4. Regeneration of the solutions and performances in successive cycles
  • 8.2.5. Perspectives
  • References
  • Part 3: Swelling/shrinking hydrogels engines:Fundamentals and perspectives
  • 8.3. Swelling/shrinking hydrogels engines: Fundamentals and perspectives
  • 8.3.1. What are hydrogels?
  • 8.3.2. Salinity gradient energy recovery based on hydrogels
  • 8.3.3. Energy recovery from acid-base neutralization based on hydrogels
  • 8.3.4. Possible energy recovery from waste heat based on hydrogels
  • 8.3.5. Outlook for energy harvest based on hydrogels
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Resource, environmental, and economic aspects of SGHE
  • 9.1. Resource assessment-Heat availability
  • 9.1.1. Introduction
  • 9.1.2. Waste heat
  • 9.1.2.1. Industrial waste heat
  • 9.1.2.2. Decentralized power plants
  • 9.1.2.3. Marine
  • 9.1.2.4. Gas compression stations
  • 9.1.3. Geothermal
  • 9.1.4. Solar
  • 9.1.5. Conclusions
  • 9.2. Environmental impacts of SGHE
  • 9.2.1. Introduction
  • 9.2.2. Background
  • 9.2.3. Life cycle assessment methodology
  • 9.2.4. Goal and scope
  • 9.2.5. Life cycle inventory analysis
  • 9.2.6. Life cycle impact assessment
  • 9.2.7. Life cycle interpretation
  • 9.2.8. LCA examples
  • 9.3. Economics of SGHE
  • 9.3.1. Introduction
  • 9.3.2. Levelized cost of electricity as an indicator of cost-effectiveness
  • 9.3.3. System sizing and performance analysis
  • 9.3.4. Investment expenditures.