http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Modeling, operation, and analysis of DC grids
from high power DC transmission to DC microgrids
1 online resource (1 volume) : illustrations
Modeling, Operation, and Analysis of DC Grids presents a unified vision of direct current grids with their core analysis techniques, uniting power electronics, power systems, and multiple scales of applications.
Front Cover -- Modeling, Operation, and Analysis of DC Grids -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The battle of the currents -- 1.2 DC grids -- 1.3 Power electronics -- 1.4 High-power applications -- 1.5 Low-power applications -- References -- Part 1 High power applications -- 2 HVDC transmission for wind energy -- 2.1 Wind energy -- 2.2 Slow-dynamics model of the wind turbine -- 2.3 HVDC transmission for wind farms -- 2.4 Stability of HVDC transmission lines -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3 DC faults in HVDC -- 3.1 Minimum requirements for the protection system of MTDC -- 3.2 Impact of DC faults in VSC -- 3.3 Analysis of the MTDC-HVDC during DC faults -- 3.3.1 Steady state in MTDC -- 3.3.2 Fault transient -- 3.3.3 Critical interruption time -- 3.3.4 Influence of the DC capacitor on the critical interruption time -- 3.3.5 Influence of the DC smoothing inductance on the critical interruption time -- 3.3.6 Influence of the short circuit ratio of the AC system -- 3.3.7 Influence of the fault resistance on the critical interruption time -- 3.3.8 Remark of the section -- 3.4 Detection and identification strategies in MTDC -- 3.4.1 Selectivity problem -- 3.4.2 Proposed detection and location methods for MTDC -- 3.4.2.1 Overcurrent protection and undervoltage DC voltage level protection -- 3.4.2.2 Differential current protection -- 3.4.2.3 Traveling waves -- 3.4.2.4 Based on rate of change -- 3.4.2.5 Other methods -- 3.5 Clearance strategies for MTDC -- 3.5.1 Protection system with AC breakers -- 3.5.2 Protection system with DC breakers -- 3.5.3 Protection system embedded on the power converter -- 3.6 HVDC circuit breakers -- 3.6.1 Mechanical HVDC circuit breakers -- 3.6.2 Solid-state HVDC circuit breakers -- 3.6.3 Hybrid HVDC circuit breaker -- 3.7 Fault current limiters -- 3.7.1 Inductors -- 3.7.2 Tuned LC circuit.
3.7.3 Polymer PTC resistor-based FCL -- 3.7.4 Liquid metal FCL -- 3.7.5 Superconductive FCL -- References -- 4 Eigenvalue-based analysis of small-signal dynamics and stability in DC grids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Introduction to state-space modeling of electrical systems -- 4.2.1 Nonlinear time-invariant state-space models -- 4.2.2 Time-invariant representation of three-phase electrical systems -- 4.2.3 Linearization -- 4.2.4 Eigenvalue-based analysis of small-signal dynamics -- 4.3 Synthesis of system-level state-space models of HVDC grids -- 4.3.1 Definition of interfaces between sub-systems -- 4.3.2 Generic definition of subsystem models -- 4.3.2.1 Definition of per-unit scaling and requirements for subsystem interconnection -- 4.3.2.2 Models of converter terminals -- 4.3.2.3 Cable models -- 4.3.2.4 Model of DC nodes -- 4.3.3 System model synthesis -- 4.3.3.1 Organization of system equations and reduction to state-space form -- 4.3.3.2 Calculation of steady-state operating point -- 4.3.3.3 Linearization and assembly of the small-signal model -- 4.3.3.4 Example of system-level small-signal state-space model -- 4.4 Examples of sub-system modeling -- 4.4.1 AC-DC converter terminals -- 4.4.1.1 Example of AC-power controlled HVDC terminal with two-level voltage source converter -- 4.4.1.2 Example of modular multilevel converter-based HVDC terminal -- 4.4.2 Modeling of long cables for analysis of HVDC grids -- 4.5 Practical considerations for modular and automated generation of system-level small-signal state-space models -- 4.5.1 Synthesis of state-space matrices for the system -- 4.5.2 Calculation of the steady-state operating point -- 4.5.3 Applied procedure for generating system-level state-space models in the presented framework for modular subsystem modeling -- 4.6 Example of small-signal analysis -- 4.6.1 Case description.
4.6.2 Linearized state-space model -- 4.6.3 Small-signal stability analysis -- 4.6.4 Analysis of participation factors and system interaction -- 4.6.5 Analysis of parametric sensitivity -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Inertia emulation with HVDC transmission systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basis for a need of virtual inertia with VSC HVDC systems -- 5.3 VSC HVDC control approaches for inertia emulation -- 5.4 Fast frequency response service by VSC HVDC systems -- 5.4.1 Inertia emulation with offshore wind power plants -- 5.4.2 Inertia emulation using the capacitor of the HVDC VSC link -- 5.4.3 Frequency support through MTDC based in (RCH) -- 5.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 Real-time simulation of a transient model for HVDC cables in SOC-FPGA -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 What is a SoC-FPGA? -- 6.2 Frequency domain model formulation -- 6.3 Cable model with difference equations -- 6.4 VHDL conceptual design of the HVDC cable model -- 6.4.1 Floating to fixed point conversion and arithmetic -- 6.4.2 Blocks architecture of the HVDC cable with VHDL -- 6.4.3 Description of the blocks used in the HVDC cable -- 6.4.3.1 Delay feedback: delay component -- 6.4.3.2 Delay feed-forward: delay_1 component -- 6.4.3.3 Inner product: Producto_afloop component -- 6.4.3.4 Product vector and scalar: Producto_vecscalar component -- 6.4.3.5 Product vector and matrix: producto_vecmatr component -- 6.4.3.6 Sum: Suma component -- 6.4.3.7 Module ss_siso -- 6.5 Integration and development of the HVDC cable in VHDL -- 6.5.1 Model for the characteristic admittance -- 6.5.2 Model for the propagation function -- 6.5.3 Model for the half side cable -- 6.5.4 Cable full model -- 6.5.5 Communication of the cable with the software -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Probabilistic analysis in DC grids -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 DC power grid model.
7.3 Probabilistic power flow analysis in DC grids -- 7.3.1 Monte Carlo simulation -- 7.3.2 Point estimate methods -- 7.3.3 Data-driven approaches -- 7.4 Bayesian modeling of DC grids -- 7.4.1 Bayes theorem and its interpretation -- 7.4.2 Likelihood-based Bayesian modeling using Laplace approximation -- 7.4.3 Likelihood-free Bayesian modeling -- 7.5 Experimental validation -- 7.5.1 PPF analysis for DC microgrids -- 7.5.2 PPF analysis for an MT-HVDC grid -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part 2 Low power applications -- 8 Stationary-state analysis of low-voltage DC grids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Modeling the grid -- 8.2.1 Exact nonlinear formulation -- 8.2.2 Linear successive approximations -- 8.2.2.1 Method based on Newton-Raphson formulation -- 8.2.2.2 First Taylor-based method: hyperbolic lineatization -- 8.2.2.3 Second Taylor-based method: product linearization -- 8.2.3 Convex reformulations -- 8.2.3.1 Semidefinite programming model -- 8.2.3.2 Second-order cone programming model -- 8.3 Results -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Stability analysis and hierarchical control of DC power networks -- 9.1 Literature review and scope of the chapter -- 9.1.1 Introduction -- 9.1.2 Contents of the chapter -- 9.2 Power system and control system overview -- 9.2.1 Microgrid description -- 9.2.2 Microgrid control system structure -- 9.2.3 Local and primary controllers -- 9.2.4 Secondary controller -- 9.2.5 Supervisor model predictive controller -- 9.3 Small-signal modeling of the DC microgrid -- 9.3.1 Model of the grid-connected VSC -- 9.3.2 Battery-system VSC -- 9.3.3 Railway and auxiliary-network VSCs -- 9.3.4 DC-capacitor modeling -- 9.3.5 Aggregated model of the DC microgrid -- 9.4 Case study and prototype description -- 9.5 Validation of the model predictive controller -- 9.5.1 Local, primary, and secondary controllers.
9.5.2 Prediction horizon set to Np=24 hours -- 9.5.3 Prediction horizon set to Np=6 hours -- 9.5.4 Prediction horizon set to Np=3 hours -- 9.6 Validation of the small-signal modeling approach -- 9.6.1 Stability analysis of the DC microgrid -- 9.6.2 Experimental results -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Digital control strategies of DC-DC converters in automotive hybrid powertrains -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Analysis of the DC-DC power converters -- 10.2.1 Buck converter model -- 10.2.2 Boost converter model -- 10.3 Digital current control strategies -- 10.3.1 Average current control based on passivity -- 10.3.2 Discrete-time sliding-mode current control -- 10.3.3 Digital proportional-integral current control -- 10.3.4 Predictive digital current programmed control -- 10.4 Simulation results -- 10.4.1 Average current control based on passivity simulation results -- 10.4.2 Discrete-time sliding-mode current control simulation results -- 10.4.2.1 Double-loop DSMCC results -- 10.4.3 Digital proportional-integral current control simulation results -- 10.4.3.1 Double-loop PICC results -- 10.4.4 Predictive digital current programmed control results -- 10.5 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Adaptive control for second-order DC-DC converters: PBC approach -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 DC-DC converter modeling -- 11.2.1 Buck converter -- 11.2.2 Boost converter -- 11.2.3 Buck-boost converter -- 11.2.4 Noninverting buck-boost converter -- 11.3 Passivity-based control method -- 11.3.1 PI-PBC design -- 11.4 Control design for DC-DC converters -- 11.4.1 Adaptive control using I&amp -- I conductance estimator -- 11.5 Simulation results -- 11.5.1 Test system -- 11.5.2 Numerical validation -- 11.5.2.1 Buck converter -- 11.5.2.2 Boost converter -- 11.5.2.3 Buck-boost converter -- 11.5.2.4 Noninverting buck-boost converter -- 11.6 Conclusions.