http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Rubber reinforcement with particulate fillers
In the rubber industry, one of the most widely practiced processes is the reinforcement of rubber by particulate fillers, especially carbon black and silica. This process is of such importance that more than 99% of rubber products contain fillers, and the research and development of fillers have become the most widely researched area in rubber science and technology. This book covers the most important theoretical and practical aspects of rubber reinforcement, such as filler basic properties and their characterization methods, the effect of fillers in polymers, the processability of compounds, and the properties of filled vulcanizates. Special chapters deal with applications of fillers in tires and industrial rubber goods and the reinforcement of silicone rubbers. Testing methods and their principles, applications, and limitations are reviewed, with emphasis on the surface activity, widely accepted as the "third dimension" of filler characterization, after particle size and structure. This has not been described in depth in other books on rubber reinforcement. The effects of fillers on rubber and their mechanisms, which are important links between filler properties and the performance of rubber goods, are explained. A guide for selecting the most appropriate reinforcing systems for specific applications is provided, taking into account processabilities and properties of filled compounds and performance of rubber products. With solutions to many practical problems related to rubber research and compounding, this book serves as a valuable companion to engineers and product developers in the rubber industry, material scientists, and teachers and students in material science and rubber courses.
Intro -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Contents -- 1 Manufacture of Fillers -- 1.1 Manufacture of Carbon Black -- 1.1.1 Mechanisms of Carbon Black Formation -- 1.1.2 Manufacturing Process of Carbon Black -- 1.1.2.1 Oil-Furnace Process -- 1.1.2.2 The Thermal Black Process -- 1.1.2.3 Acetylene Black Process -- 1.1.2.4 Lampblack Process -- 1.1.2.5 Impingement (Channel, Roller) Black Process -- 1.1.2.6 Recycle Blacks -- 1.1.2.7 Surface Modification of Carbon Blacks -- 1.1.2.7.1 Attachments of the Aromatic Ring Nucleus to Carbon Black
1.1.2.7.2 Attachments to the Aromatic Ring Structure through Oxidized Groups -- 1.1.2.7.3 Metal Oxide Treatment -- 1.2 Manufacture of Silica -- 1.2.1 Mechanisms of Precipitated Silica Formation -- 1.2.2 Manufacturing Process of Precipitated Silica -- 1.2.3 Mechanisms of Fumed Silica Formation -- 1.2.4 Manufacture Process of Fumed Silica -- References -- 2 Characterization of Fillers -- 2.1 Chemical Composition -- 2.1.1 Carbon Black -- 2.1.2 Silica -- 2.2 Micro-Structure of Fillers -- 2.2.1 Carbon Black -- 2.2.2 Silica -- 2.3 Filler Morphologies -- 2.3.1 Primary Particles -- Surface Area
2.3.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) -- 2.3.1.2 Gas Phase Adsorptions -- 2.3.1.2.1 Total Surface Area Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption -- BET/NSA -- 2.3.1.2.2 External Surface Area Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption − STSA -- 2.3.1.2.3 Micro-Pore Size Distribution Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption -- 2.3.1.3 Liquid Phase Adsorptions -- 2.3.1.3.1 Iodine Adsorptions -- 2.3.1.3.2 Adsorption of Large Molecules -- 2.3.2 Structure -- Aggregate Size and Shape -- 2.3.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 2.3.2.2 Disc Centrifuge Photosedimentometer -- 2.3.2.3 Void Volume Measurement
2.3.2.3.1 Oil Absorption -- 2.3.2.3.2 Compressed Volume -- 2.3.2.3.2.1 Relation between Compressibility and Pressure -- 2.3.2.3.2.2 Mechanism of Compression -- 2.3.2.3.3 Mercury Porosimetry -- 2.3.3 Tinting Strength -- 2.4 Filler Surface Characteristics -- 2.4.1 Characterization of Surface Chemistry of Filler-Surface Groups -- 2.4.2 Characterization of Physical Chemistry of Filler Surface-Surface Energy -- 2.4.2.1 Contact Angle -- 2.4.2.1.1 Single Liquid Phase -- 2.4.2.1.2 Dual Liquid Phases -- 2.4.2.2 Heat of Immersion -- 2.4.2.3 Inverse Gas Chromatograph
2.4.2.3.1 Principle of Measuring Filler Surface Energy with IGC -- 2.4.2.3.2 Adsorption at Infinite Dilution -- 2.4.2.3.3 Adsorption at Finite Concentration -- 2.4.2.3.4 Surface Energy of the Fillers -- 2.4.2.3.4.1 Dispersive Component of Filler Surface Energy -- 2.4.2.3.4.2 Specific Component of Filler Surface Energy -- 2.4.2.3.4.3 Sf Value -- 2.4.2.3.4.4 Energy Heterogeneity of Filler Surfaces -- 2.4.2.3.4.5 Surface Energy of Silane-Modified Silicas -- 2.4.2.3.5 Estimation of Rubber-Filler Interaction from Adsorption Energy of Elastomer Analogs -- 2.4.2.4 Bound Rubber Measurement -- References
Includes bibliographical references and index.