http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Waste and byproducts in cement-based materials
innovative sustainable materials for a circular economy
Waste and By-Products in Cement-Based Materials: Innovative Sustainable Materials for a Circular Economy covers various recycled materials, by-products and wastes that are suitable for the manufacture of materials within the spectrum of so-called cement-based materials (CBM). Sections cover wastes for replacement of aggregates in CBM, focus on the application of wastes for the replacement of clinker and mineral additions in the manufacture of binders, discuss the optimization process surrounding the manufacture of recycled concrete and mortars, multi-recycling, advanced radiological studies, optimization of self-compacting concrete, rheology properties, corrosion prevention, and more. Final sections includes a review of real-scale applications that have been made in recent years of cement-based materials in roads, railway superstructures, buildings and civil works, among others, as well as a proposal of new regulations to promote the use of waste in the manufacture of CBM.
Intro -- Waste and By-Products in Cement-Based Materials: Innovative Sustainable Materials for a Circular Economy -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section A: Waste for aggregates in cement-based materials -- Chapter 1: Modeling the interfacial transition zone between recycled aggregates and industrial waste in cementitious matrix -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Interfacial transition zone -- 1.2.1. ITZ origin, properties, and effect on performance -- 1.2.2. Recycled aggregate/cement paste ITZ -- 1.3. ITZ: Instrumental studies -- 1.3.1. Methods for studying microstructure -- 1.3.2. Methods for studying mechanical properties -- 1.4. Modeling the interfacial transition zone -- 1.4.1. Existing models -- 1.4.2. Model proposed for simulating the aggregate/cement paste ITZ -- 1.4.2.1. Finite element model -- 1.4.2.2. Model components -- 1.4.2.3. Results -- 1.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Waste for aggregates in ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Materials and composition of the UHPC -- 2.2.1. Cement -- 2.2.2. Water -- 2.2.3. Water-cement ratio -- 2.2.4. Aggregates -- 2.2.5. Silica fume -- 2.2.6. Nanosilica -- 2.2.7. Supplementary cementitious materials -- 2.2.8. Recycled materials -- 2.2.9. Additives -- 2.2.10. Steel fibers -- 2.2.11. UHPC manufacturing -- 2.2.12. Curing process -- 2.3. Properties of UHPC with waste -- 2.3.1. Compressive strength -- 2.3.2. Flexural strength -- 2.3.3. Tensile strength -- 2.3.4. Elasticity modulus -- 2.3.5. Shrinkage -- 2.4. Durability of UHPC with waste -- 2.4.1. Permeability, porosity, and absorption -- 2.4.2. Chloride ion penetration -- 2.4.3. Carbonation -- 2.4.4. Freeze-thaw cycles resistance -- 2.4.5. Fire resistance -- 2.5. Conclusions -- References.
Chapter 3: Use of coal bottom ash and other waste as fine aggregates in lightweight cement-based materials -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. CBA for lightweight cement-based materials -- 3.2.1. CBA characterization -- 3.2.1.1. Chemical composition -- 3.2.1.2. Physical characteristics -- 3.2.2. Design of cement-based materials with CBA -- 3.2.3. Fresh state properties -- 3.2.4. Hardened state properties -- 3.2.4.1. Density -- 3.2.4.2. Mechanical properties -- 3.2.4.3. Other hardened properties -- 3.2.5. Durability related properties -- 3.3. Other waste materials for lightweight cement-based materials -- 3.3.1. Different types of light waste materials -- 3.3.1.1. Light waste materials with high absorption -- Recycled clay from concrete with expanded clay and crushed clay materials -- Rice husk ash -- Palm oil ash -- Fly ash aggregates -- Carbon fiber reinforced lightweight aggregates -- 3.3.1.2. Light waste materials with low absorption -- Recycled sanitary wastes -- Recycled glass -- 3.3.1.3. Light synthetic materials -- Rubber -- Recycled polyethylene terephthalate and other plastics -- Expanded polystyrene -- Polyurethane foam -- 3.3.2. Design of cement-based materials with light wastes -- 3.3.3. Fresh state properties -- 3.3.4. Hardened state properties -- 3.3.4.1. Density -- 3.3.4.2. Mechanical properties -- Compressive strength -- Tensile-splitting strength -- Modulus of elasticity -- 3.3.4.3. Other hardened properties -- 3.3.5. Durability-related properties -- 3.4. Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Residual biomasses as aggregates applied in cement-based materials -- 4.1. Bibliometric analysis -- 4.1.1. Background and initial concepts -- 4.1.2. Detection of research themes -- 4.1.3. Building strategic diagrams -- 4.1.4. Conducting performance analysis -- 4.1.4.1. Contribution of authors and collaborations.
4.1.4.2. Distribution of journals -- 4.1.4.3. Periods -- 4.1.4.4. Highly cited papers analysis -- 4.2. Residual biomasses used as aggregate in the manufacture of CBM -- 4.2.1. Oil palm shell -- 4.2.2. Coconut shell -- 4.2.2.1. Cork -- 4.2.2.2. Corn cob -- 4.2.2.3. Rice husk -- 4.2.2.4. Barley -- 4.2.2.5. Other biomasses -- 4.3. CBM manufactured with residual biomasses -- 4.3.1. Green concrete and mortar with biomass waste as aggregates -- 4.3.2. Influence of biomasses on fresh and hardened properties of concrete or mortars -- 4.3.3. Influence of biomasses on hardened properties of concrete or mortars -- 4.3.3.1. Oil palm shell and oil palm kernel shell -- 4.3.3.2. Coconut shell -- 4.3.3.3. Corn cob -- 4.3.3.4. Rice husk -- 4.3.3.5. Tobacco waste -- 4.3.4. Influence of biomasses on durability -- 4.4. Benefits, barriers, and strategies to use residual biomass as aggregate in cement-based materials -- 4.4.1. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis -- 4.4.2. Internal analysis: Strengths and weaknesses identification -- 4.4.3. External analysis: Identification of opportunities and threats -- 4.4.4. Determination of SWOT matrix -- 4.4.5. Analytical hierarchy process -- 4.4.5.1. Definition of panel of experts -- 4.4.5.2. Local priority of factors determination -- 4.4.5.3. Global priority of factors determination -- 4.4.6. Consistence of judgment determination -- 4.4.7. Correct, adapt, maintain, and explore analysis to define strategies -- 4.5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: Technical and economic implications of using recycled fiber-reinforced polymer waste as aggregate in concrete -- 5.1. The problem of recycling fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials -- 5.2. A background on economics of recycling -- 5.3. Methods of recycling FRP.
5.4. Mechanically processed FRP as a replacement of aggregate in concrete -- 5.4.1. Recycling FRP into fine aggregate for concrete -- 5.4.2. Recycling FRP into coarse aggregate for concrete -- 5.4.3. Recycling FRP into ``needles´´ for reinforcing concrete -- 5.5. Concluding remarks -- References -- Section B: Waste for binders and additions -- Chapter 6: Application of phosphogypsum for the improvement of eco-efficient cements -- 6.1. Types of artificial gypsums -- 6.2. Industrial processes where phosphogypsum is generated -- 6.3. Properties of phosphogypsum -- 6.3.1. Physical properties (density, porosity, and size distribution) -- 6.3.2. Chemical properties -- 6.3.3. Radioactive content -- 6.4. Management of phosphogypsum and environmental implications -- 6.4.1. Atmospheric pollution -- 6.4.2. Water body pollution -- 6.5. Possible uses of phosphogypsum in construction materials -- 6.5.1. Properties of phosphogypsum for application in cements -- 6.5.2. Properties of phosphogypsum for soil stabilization -- 6.5.3. Real-scale application of phosphogypsum -- 6.6. Future of the application of phosphogypsum -- 6.6.1. Future research lines of phosphogypsum in cements -- 6.6.2. Application of PG in concrete and mortar and real-scale applications -- 6.7. General remarks and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Effect of wastes as supplementary cementitious materials on the transport properties of concrete -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Kinds of waste and waste management -- 7.3. Hydration and formation of microstructure of concrete containing waste as SCM -- 7.4. Steel slag -- 7.4.1. Carbonation -- 7.4.2. Chloride penetration -- 7.4.3. Leachability -- 7.4.4. Water transport -- 7.5. Copper slag -- 7.5.1. Carbonation -- 7.5.2. Water transport -- 7.5.3. Chloride ion transport -- 7.5.4. Leachability -- 7.6. Sidoarjo volcanic mud -- 7.7. Waste concrete powder.
7.8. Quarry waste -- 7.8.1. Water and gas transport -- 7.8.2. Chloride transport -- 7.8.3. Carbonation -- 7.9. Municipal waste incineration ash and pretreatment techniques -- 7.10. Waste glass -- 7.10.1. Chloride ion transport -- 7.10.2. Water transport -- 7.10.3. Carbonation -- 7.10.4. Electrical resistivity -- 7.11. Final comments -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Fly ash-incorporated recycled coarse aggregate-based concrete -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Feasible use of fly ash in RAC -- 8.2.1. Environmental and economic aspects -- 8.2.2. Modification of microstructure of RAC -- 8.3. Role of mix proportioning -- 8.4. Role of mixing method -- 8.5. Effects of fly ash and RCA on properties of concrete -- 8.5.1. Effects on fresh properties -- 8.5.2. Effects on hardened properties: Strength -- 8.5.3. Effects on hardened properties: Durability -- 8.6. Applications of FARAC -- 8.7. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Industrial waste from biomass-fired electric power plants as alternative pozzolanic material -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.1.1. Present context. Environmental concerns -- 9.1.2. Definition and types of biomass -- 9.1.3. Types of technologies in place to convert biomass into bioenergy -- 9.1.4. Electric power and heat production directly from biomass combustion -- 9.1.5. Classification of biomass waste generated in bioenergy plants -- 9.2. Chemical, physical, and mineralogical characterization of bioenergy plant waste -- 9.2.1. Chemical characterization -- 9.2.2. Physical characterization -- 9.2.3. Mineralogy -- 9.3. Biomass waste as a supplementary cementitious material -- 9.3.1. Pozzolanic properties: Chemical composition -- 9.3.2. Pozzolanic properties: Lime fixation -- 9.3.3. Pozzolanic properties: Strength activity index -- 9.4. Use of biomass ash (BBA and BFA) in construction materials.
edited by Jorge de Brito, Carlos Thomas, Cesar Medina, Francisco Agrela.
Woodhead Publishing series in civil and structural engineering