http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
Environmental and health management of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Environmental and Health Management of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) examines mitigation measures that can be adopted at the time of a novel coronavirus outbreak to lessen environmental contamination and impacts on human health. The book discusses origin, structure and pathogenesis, epidemiology, environmental transmission and the potential spread routes of COVID-19 via surfaces, air, water, wastewater, medical waste and food products. It also covers guidelines and protocols for setting safety conditions to provide adequate health care and reduce the risk of infection in health and non-healthcare settings, along with preventative measures and disinfection technologies.In addition, the book discusses challenges, opportunities and future perspectives, the global crisis, and global consequences on the environment and health. With contributions from experts, this book presents a multidisciplinary reference resource for virologists, microbiologists, public health professionals, environmental health managers and others engaged in the study and mitigation of the environmental and health impacts of the virus.- Covers the environmental transmission and spread of COVID-19- Includes environmental disinfection technologies for prevention of COVID-19- Provides guidelines, standards and protocols related to COVID-19.
Front Cover -- ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVELCORONA VIRUSDISEASE (COVID-19) -- ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVELCORONA VIRUSDISEASE (COVID-19) -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I -- Introduction, transmission routes and sampling technologies -- 1 -- Updated insight into COVID-19 disease and health management to combat the pandemic -- 1.1 Introduction to SARS-CoV-2 -- 1.2 Overview of SARS-CoV-2 virus -- 1.2.1 Genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 -- 1.2.2 Transmission of coronaviruses -- 1.2.3 Clinical characteristics for COVID-19 -- 1.2.4 Diagnostic detection of COVID-19 -- 1.2.4.1 Preanalytical issues impacting the diagnosis -- 1.2.4.2 Primary diagnostic techniques for COVID-19 detection -- 1.2.4.2.1 RT-PCR -- 1.2.4.2.2 RT-LAMP assays -- 1.2.4.2.3 NGS techniques -- 1.2.4.2.4 Serum-based antigen/antibody-based detection techniques -- 1.2.4.3 Novel Point-of-Care approaches and their limitations -- 1.2.5 Late detection issues -- 1.2.6 Monitoring of severely affected COVID-19 patients -- 1.2.7 Other health aspects due to COVID-19 and related health management factors -- 1.2.7.1 Direct COVID-19 risk management -- 1.2.7.2 Medical and domestic waste management -- 1.2.7.3 Telehealth management -- 1.2.7.4 Wastewater management -- 1.2.7.5 Other health management factors -- 1.3 Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Virus-sampling technologies in different environments -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods of SARS-CoV-2 air sampling -- 2.2.1 Filtration -- 2.2.2 Impactor -- 2.2.3 Impinger -- 2.2.4 Cyclone -- 2.2.5 Electrostatic precipitator -- 2.2.6 MD-8 airscan -- 2.3 Literature review for SARS-CoV-2 sampling in air -- 2.4 Surface detection for SARS-CoV-2 -- 2.4.1 Practical tips before sampling -- 2.4.2 Surface sampling area -- 2.4.3 Swab types.
2.5 Municipal wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 sampling -- 2.5.1 Sampling procedures for SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater -- 2.6 SARS-CoV-2 in urine and stool -- 2.6.1 Sampling method for SARS-CoV-2 in urine and stool -- 2.7 SARS-CoV-2 sampling in food -- 2.8 SARS-CoV-2 detection techniques in air and surface samples -- 2.8.1 RT-PCR -- 2.8.2 Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) -- 2.8.3 Sensor-based method -- 2.9 SARS-CoV-2 recognition in water -- 2.10 SARS-CoV-2 detection in solid wastes -- 2.11 Analysis techniques for SARS-CoV-2 -- 2.12 Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Mechanism and transmission routes of COVID-19 -- 3.1 Origin and transmission of Sars-CoV-2 -- 3.2 Incidence and risk factors for COVID-19 severity -- 3.2.1 Hypertension -- 3.2.2 Diabetes -- 3.2.3 Cardiovascular disease -- 3.2.4 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- 3.2.5 Renal diseases -- 3.2.6 Malignancy -- 3.2.7 Management of COVID-19 patients with comorbidities -- 3.3 SARS-CoV-2 transmission cycle -- 3.3.1 Airborne transmission -- 3.3.2 Fomite transmission -- 3.3.3 Other modes of transmission -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- II -- Remediation measures in waste and wastewater environments -- 4 -- Presence, detection, and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the sustainable remedial measures -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Occurrence, detection, and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, feces, slurry, or biosolids -- 4.2.1 Occurrence and detection of coronaviruses in wastewater -- 4.2.2 Methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater -- 4.2.2.1 Virus detection in wastewater using RT-PCR/RT-qPCR -- 4.2.3 Persistence of coronaviruses in wastewater -- 4.2.3.1 Composition of wastewater -- 4.2.3.2 pH -- 4.2.3.3 Temperature -- 4.3 Removal of viruses from water and wastewater environment -- 4.4 Virus removal techniques from wastewater -- 4.4.1 Activated sludge treatment.
4.4.2 Membrane bioreactor -- 4.5 Mechanism of inactivation of coronaviruses in water environment using disinfectants -- 4.5.1 Chlorination pretreatment -- 4.5.2 Chlorine dioxide -- 4.5.3 Sodium hypochlorite -- 4.5.4 Ozone -- 4.5.5 Ultraviolet irradiation -- 4.6 Measures to ensure the protection of personnel and wastewater treatment workers from contacting COVID-19 -- 4.6.1 Viral contamination risk assessment -- 4.6.2 Measures to protect wastewater treatment workers -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- A comprehensive study of COVID-19 in wastewater: occurrence, surveillance, and viewpoints on its remedy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Wastewater: characterization and classification -- 5.2.1 Physical characterization of wastewater -- 5.2.2 Chemical characterization of wastewater -- 5.2.3 Biological characterization of wastewater -- 5.3 Study of municipal wastewater: characterization and classification -- 5.4 Study of health care wastewater: characterization and classification -- 5.4.1 Hazardous health care waste -- 5.4.2 Nonhazardous health care waste -- 5.5 Characteristics of coronavirus -- 5.6 Occurrence and persistence of COVID-19 in wastewater -- 5.7 Detection of coronavirus in wastewater -- 5.8 Inactivation mechanism of COVID-19 in wastewater -- 5.9 Remedial approach -- 5.10 Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- Further reading -- 6 -- Route of SARS-CoV-2 in sewerage and wastewater treatment plants: dilution, decay, removal, and environmental tr ... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Dilution of SARS-CoV-2 from the feces to the sewerage -- 6.3 SARS-CoV-2 load of in raw wastewater -- 6.4 The approach for SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewerage is an open issue -- 6.5 Decay of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater due to adverse environmental conditions -- 6.6 Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants.
6.7 Potential fecal-oral transmission associated with sewerage -- 6.7.1 Aerosolization of wastewater -- 6.7.2 Overflows in municipal combined sewer systems -- 6.7.3 Flooding events in urban areas -- 6.7.4 Discharge of untreated or treated wastewater into surface water bodies -- 6.8 Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- 7 -- Impediments of coronavirus in healthcare wastewater treatment and ways to ameliorate them -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Municipal wastewater: Definition, classification, and characterization -- 7.2.1 Characterization of wastewater pertaining to epidemiological index -- 7.2.1.1 Suspended solids (SS) -- 7.2.1.2 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) -- 7.2.1.3 Total phosphorus (TP) -- 7.2.1.4 Total Nitrogen (TN) -- 7.2.1.5 Pathogens -- 7.2.2 Possible disinfection routes of MWW -- 7.2.2.1 UV irradiation -- 7.2.2.2 Electrochemical (EC) disinfection -- 7.2.2.3 Ozone disinfection -- 7.2.2.4 Peracetic acid -- 7.2.2.5 Ultrasonication -- 7.2.2.6 Chlorination -- 7.3 Healthcare wastewater (HWW) -- 7.3.1 HWW management -- 7.3.2 HWW collection methods -- 7.3.2.1 Central system -- 7.3.2.2 Decentralized system -- 7.3.3 Pretreatment of HWW -- 7.3.4 Medical wastewater treatment in COVID times -- 7.3.4.1 Wuhan: A case study -- 7.3.5 Mandatory treatment and disinfection plans -- 7.3.5.1 Disinfection procedure -- 7.4 Occurrence and survival of COVID-19 in wastewater, urine, and biosolids -- 7.4.1 The survival of SARS-CoV-2 in urine and the urogenital system -- 7.4.2 Human pathogens can be monitored in sewage -- 7.4.2.1 A paper-strip urine test kit was developed to detect COVID-19 -- 7.4.3 Novel coronavirus infection and gastrointestinal tract -- 7.4.4 Wastewater-based epidemiology -- 7.4.5 Gastrointestinal tract may be another site of viral replication -- 7.4.6 Viruses and the culture methods.
7.4.7 Waterborne viral outbreaks related to virus -- 7.4.8 Transport of virus in the environment -- 7.4.9 Survival of virus in the environment -- 7.4.10 Microbial tracking tools (viruses) -- 7.5 Measures to the protection of personnel and wastewater treatment workers from contracting COVID-19 -- 7.5.1 Safe management of fecal waste and wastewater -- 7.5.2 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) -- 7.5.2.1 Level A protection -- 7.5.2.2 Level B protection -- 7.5.2.3 Level C protection -- 7.5.2.4 Level D protection -- 7.5.2.5 Goggles -- 7.5.3 Masks -- 7.5.3.1 Surgical masks -- 7.5.3.2 Respirators -- 7.5.3.3 Air-purifying respirators (APR) -- 7.5.3.4 Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) -- 7.5.3.5 Supplied-air respirators (SAR) -- 7.5.4 Gloves -- 7.5.5 Face shields -- 7.5.6 Liquid-repellent coveralls, gowns, and aprons -- 7.6 Recycling of PPE -- 7.7 Training for workers -- 7.8 Vaccination recommendation for workers -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Handling and treatment strategies of biomedical wastes and biosolids contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 in waste envi ... -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Solid wastes from health care units -- 8.2.1 Classification -- 8.2.1.1 Infectious waste15 -- 8.2.1.2 Pathological wastes15 -- 8.2.1.3 Sharps15 -- 8.2.1.4 Pharmaceutical waste15 -- 8.2.1.5 Chemical wastes15 -- 8.2.1.6 Radioactive wastes15 -- 8.2.2 Modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 -- 8.3 Occurrence of virus in biomedical waste -- 8.4 A comparative study on viruses potentially similar to COVID-19 -- 8.5 Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on different surfaces -- 8.6 Safe handling and management of health care waste generated through the care of COVID-19 patients -- 8.6.1 Preparing a waste management plan as part of COVID-19 patient care -- 8.7 Collection, transport, and storage of waste -- 8.7.1 Collection -- 8.7.2 Storage -- 8.8 Treatment and disposal -- 8.8.1 Treatment.
edited by Mohammad Hadi Dehghani, Rama Rao Karri and Sharmili Roy.