http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-2.xsd
synthesis, characterization, hazards and safety
Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, Hazards and Safety explains the fundamental properties of nanomaterials, covering their types and classifications.The book includes methods of preparation and characterization of nanostructured materials.
Intro -- Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, Hazards, and Safety -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanomaterial characterization -- 3. Consideration and needs for hazards assessment -- 4. Hazards and risk assessment strategies for nanoparticles exposures -- 5. Safety evaluation -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 1: History and development of nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction and historical background -- 2. Differences between nanomaterials and bulk materials -- 3. Nano, from its beginning to the present -- 4. Defining the nano-dimension -- 5. Physical chemistry of nanoparticles -- 6. Structure of nanoparticles -- 7. Synthetic methods for nanomaterials synthesis -- 7.1. Bottom-up methods -- 7.1.1. Organic ligand-assisted growth -- 7.1.2. Mediated synthesis of small molecules and ions -- 7.1.3. 2D template-confined growth -- 7.1.4. Seeded growth -- 7.1.5. Photochemical synthesis -- 7.2. Hydro/solvothermal methods -- 7.2.1. Crystal phase transformation -- 7.2.2. Biological synthesis -- 7.2.3. Nanoparticle assembly -- 7.3. Top-down methods -- 7.3.1. Mechanical compression method -- 7.3.2. Type of exfoliation -- 7.3.3. Nanolithography -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2: Sources of nanomaterials -- 1. Natural sources -- 2. Environmental nanoparticles and colloids -- 2.1. Humic-assisted synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3. Volcanic eruption and ash -- 4. Desert sources of nanoparticles -- 5. Biological nanoparticles -- 6. Synthetically produced nanoparticles -- 7. Gas phase methods -- 8. Liquid phase methods -- 8.1. Hydrothermal synthesis method -- 8.2. Precipitation or coprecipitation method -- 8.3. Sol-gel method -- References -- Chapter 3: Types and classification of nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Organic-based nanomaterials.
1.2. Carbon-based nanomaterials -- 1.2.1. Graphene -- 1.2.2. Fullerenes -- 1.2.3. Nanotubes -- 1.2.4. Nanodiamond -- 1.3. Inorganic-based nanomaterials -- 1.3.1. Metallic nanostructures -- 1.3.2. Metal oxides -- 1.4. Composite-based nanomaterials -- 2. Classification of nanomaterials -- 2.1. Types of nanomaterials according to dimension -- 2.1.1. Zero-dimensional nanomaterials -- 2.1.1.1. Quantum dots -- 2.1.2. One-dimensional nanomaterials -- 2.1.2.1. Nanotubes -- 2.1.2.2. Nanowires -- 2.1.3. Two-dimensional nanomaterials -- 2.1.3.1. Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride -- 2.1.4. Three-dimensional nanomaterials -- 2.1.4.1. Dendrimers -- 3. Morphology -- 3.1. High aspect ratio nanoparticles -- 3.1.1. Nanotubes -- 3.1.2. Nanowires -- 4. Techniques used for morphological characterization -- 5. Composition -- 6. Uniformity and agglomeration state -- 6.1. Agglomerate state -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Fabrication strategies for functionalized nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Construction of functional materials -- 2.1. Organic component -- 3. Inorganic component -- 3.1. Silica nanoparticles -- 3.2. Iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles -- 4. Fabrication art of nanoscale functional materials -- 4.1. Grafting from technique -- 4.2. Grafting onto technique -- 4.3. One-pot synthetic technique -- 4.4. Self-assembly -- 4.5. Wrapping -- 5. Concluding remarks and perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5: Characterization and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nano-materials: History, use and types -- 2.1. History -- 2.1.1. Natural occurrence -- 2.1.2. Preindustrial technology -- 2.2. Use of nanomaterials -- 2.3. Types of nanomaterials, uses, and their safety concerns -- 2.3.1. Carbon nanotubes and fibers -- 2.3.2. Ceramic nanoparticles -- 2.3.3. Metal oxide nanoparticles -- 2.3.4. Silver NPs -- 2.3.5. Gold NPs.
2.3.6. Alloy NPs -- 2.3.7. Magnetic NPs -- 2.3.8. Paramagnetic NPs -- 2.3.9. Carbon-based NPs -- 2.3.10. Polymeric NPs -- 2.3.11. Semiconductor NPs -- 3. Synthesis of nanomaterials -- 3.1. Hydrothermal synthesis -- 3.2. Solvothermal method -- 3.3. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) -- 3.4. Combustion -- 3.5. Conventional sol-gel method -- 3.6. Biosynthesis -- 4. Use of nanomaterials in environmental clean-up -- 4.1. Soil remediation and water treatment -- 4.1.1. Nano-sized calcium peroxide -- 4.1.2. Nanoscale zerovalent iron -- 4.1.3. Metal oxide NPs -- 4.1.4. Other nanomaterials -- 4.1.5. Sorption of contaminants -- 4.1.6. Inorganic compounds -- 4.1.7. Organic contaminants -- 4.2. Soil fertility management (nanofertilizers, etc.) -- 4.3. Climate change mitigation -- 5. Advantages of nanomaterials use -- 6. Safety concerns of nanomaterials -- 6.1. Sources of exposure and routes of entry -- 6.2. Impacts on humans and animals -- 6.2.1. Allergic effects -- 6.2.2. Cytotoxic effects -- 6.2.3. Carcinogenic effects -- 6.2.4. Neurotoxicity -- 6.2.5. Immunotoxic effects -- 6.2.6. Hepatoxicity -- 6.2.7. Teratogenicity and reproductive disorders -- 7. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Nanotoxicology-toxicology of nanomaterials and incidental nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural, engineered, incidental nanoparticles -- 3. Properties that lead to nanomaterial toxicity -- 3.1. Size and shape -- 3.2. Composition -- 3.3. Solubility -- 3.4. Surface characteristics -- 3.4.1. Surface charge -- 3.4.2. Surface chemistry/exterior protein corona -- 3.4.3. Surface area -- 4. Parameters that decide fate and toxicity of nanomaterials -- 5. Exposure of nanomaterials on living things -- 5.1. Humans -- 5.2. Plants -- 5.3. Animals and aquatic organisms -- 6. Future prospects of nanotoxicology -- 7. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Further reading.
Chapter 7: Sufficiency and toxicity limits of metallic oxide nanoparticles in the biosphere -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MONPs categories and characteristics -- 2.1. Categories of MONPs -- 2.1.1. Categories based on origin -- 2.1.2. Categories based on dimensions -- 2.1.3. Categories based on chemical composition -- 2.1.4. Categories based on toxicity level -- 2.2. Characteristics -- 2.2.1. Surface characteristics -- 2.2.1.1. Surface formation energy -- 2.2.1.2. Surface charge -- 2.2.1.3. Zeta potential -- 2.2.2. Physical characteristics -- 2.2.2.1. Size of MONPs -- 2.2.2.2. Shape of MONPs -- 2.2.2.3. Optical characteristics of MONPs -- 2.2.3. Chemical characteristics -- 2.2.3.1. Electrical conductivity -- 2.2.3.2. Acid/base strength -- 2.2.3.3. Solubility -- 2.2.3.4. Chemical potential -- 3. Synthesis and characterization of MONPs -- 3.1. Chemical methods -- 3.1.1. Sol-gel method -- 3.1.2. Microemulsion method -- 3.1.3. Hydrothermal method -- 3.1.4. Polyol method -- 3.1.5. Chemical vapor synthesis -- 3.2. Physical methods -- 3.2.1. High energy ball milling -- 3.2.2. Physical vapor deposition -- 3.2.2.1. Sputtering -- 3.2.2.2. Pulse laser deposition/laser ablation method (LA) -- 3.2.2.3. Vacuum arc (VA) -- 3.2.3. Laser pyrolysis -- 3.2.4. Flame spray pyrolysis -- 3.2.5. Electrospraying technique -- 3.3. Biological methods -- 3.3.1. Biological synthesis of MONPs using plant extracts -- 3.3.2. Biological synthesis of MONPs using microorganisms -- 4. Methods used to analyze and characterize the MONPs -- 4.1. Microscopy-based techniques -- 4.2. X-ray-based techniques -- 4.3. Spectroscopy-based techniques -- 5. Application of MONPs: Current status and future trends in industry -- 5.1. Applications in electronics and related industries -- 5.2. Applications for environmental remediations -- 5.3. Applications in the textile industry.
5.4. MONPs applications in biomedical engineering and sciences -- 5.5. Applications in food safety and food packaging -- 5.6. Applications in precision agriculture -- 5.7. Applications in the cosmetics industry -- 6. Potential exposure routes of MONPs to humans and fate in biosphere -- 7. Biokinetics of MONPs in multicellular organisms -- 7.1. Biokinetics of MONPs in aquatic animals -- 7.2. Biokinetics of MONPs in terrestrial animals/humans -- 7.3. Biokinetics of MONPs in food crops -- 8. Ecotoxicity of MONPs in environmental components -- 8.1. Effect of MONPs on soil and soil biota -- 8.2. Effect of MONPs on aquatic animals -- 8.3. Effect of MONPs on food crops -- 8.4. Effect of MONPs on air quality -- 9. Endpoint toxicity studies of MONPs in multicellular organisms -- 9.1. Cytotoxicity/phytotoxicity -- 9.2. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity -- 9.3. Allergenicity -- 9.4. Neurotoxicity -- 9.5. Immunotoxicity -- 9.6. Hepatotoxicity -- 9.7. Teratogenicity/reproductive toxicity -- 9.8. Methods for analyzing the biological effects of MONPs -- 10. Methods for analyzing the biological effects MONPs -- 10.1. In vitro toxicity assessment methods -- 10.1.1. Proliferation assay -- 10.1.2. Necrosis assay -- 10.1.3. Apoptosis assay -- 10.1.4. Oxidative stress assay -- 10.2. In vivo assessment methods -- 11. Permissible limits of MONPs in environmental compartments and consumer products -- 12. Conclusions -- 13. Prospects -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8: Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction and general background -- 2. Safety guidelines for nanomaterials usage -- 2.1. World Health Organization guidelines -- 2.2. United States -- 2.3. United Kingdom -- 2.4. European Union -- 3. Physico-chemical determinants of toxicity -- 3.1. Size and surface area dependent toxicity of nanomaterials.
edited by Muhammad Bilal Tahir, Muhammad Sagir and Abdullah M. Asiri.